Legume Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.4, 152-162 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 159 peanut has provided insights into polyploid evolution and crop domestication, but the complexity of the polyploid genome poses challenges for mapping and candidate-gene discovery (Zhuang et al., 2019). Additionally, the slow rate of mutation accumulation in some polyploid legumes, such as Cercis, complicates the study of evolutionary processes and the identification of genomic changes associated with polyploidy (Stai et al., 2019). Addressing these complexities requires advanced genomic tools and methodologies, as well as comprehensive genomic resources for a wider range of legume species. Figure 2 Pea genome features (Adopeted from Kreplak et al., 2019) Image caption: a, Circos view of the pea genome. Pseudomolecule color-code is shaded at estimated centromere positions. Lanes depict circular representation of pseudomolecules (a) and the density of retrotransposons, transposons, genes, ncRNA, tRNA and miRNA coding sequences (b-g). Lines in the inner circle represent links between synteny-selected paralogs. b, Estimated positions of centromeres in the assembly and their comparison to pea cytogenetic map is schematically represented, with pseudomolecules as white bars and cytogenetic maps of pea chromosomes as gray bars. Non-recombining regions representing the centromeres are marked in green. Positions of centromeric single-copy FISH markers are indicated above the pseudomolecules in black and positions of arrays of centromeric satellites present in the assembly are shown below them in blue. Positions of primary constrictions on the cytogenetic maps are labeled in red. PisTR-B satellite loci used to discriminate individual chromosomes are shown in purple boxes on the gray bars. c, FISH localization of the satellite repeats TR11/19 (red) and TR10 (green) on metaphase chromosomes (gray). d, Discrimination of chromosomes within the pea karyotype using FISH with PisTR-B probe (purple). e, Example of FISH detection of the single-copy marker (1 722, green) in the centromere of chromosome 6. f, Chromosome 6 with labeled centromeric repeat TR11/19. g, The density of different TE lineages inferred from the detection of their protein-coding domains along pseudomolecules (Adopeted from Kreplak et al., 2019) 9 Future Research Directions 9.1 Emerging technologies and their potential impact on synteny and chromosome research The advent of advanced cytogenomic techniques such as BAC-FISH and oligopainting has significantly enhanced our understanding of chromosome evolution and synteny in legumes. These technologies have enabled the
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