Legume Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 93-104 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 96 Flowering Time: Adaptation to different growing seasons and latitudes required changes in flowering time. In soybean, for example, the selection of genes controlling flowering time allowed the crop to expand into new regions with varying day lengths and growing conditions (Weller and Ortega, 2015; Lu et al., 2020). 3.3 Major centers of legume domestication around the world The domestication of legumes occurred independently in several regions around the world, each contributing to the diversity of legume crops we have today. In the Near East, the Fertile Crescent was a major center for the domestication of legumes such as lentils (Lens culinaris), peas (Pisum sativum), chickpeas (Cicer arietinum), and faba beans (Vicia faba) (Smýkal et al., 2015). In East Asia, China domesticated soybean (Glycine max), which has become one of the most important legume crops globally (Smýkal et al., 2015). South Asia, particularly India, was a center for the domestication of mung beans (Vigna radiata) and urd beans (Vigna mungo) (Fuller, 2007). In Africa, specifically West Africa, crops like cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) were domesticated, with cowpeas being particularly significant for their adaptability to arid conditions (Fuller, 2007; Smýkal et al., 2015). Central and South America saw the domestication of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), contributing significantly to the global legume crop pool (Figure 2) (Smýkal et al., 2015; Rendón-Anaya et al., 2017). These centers of domestication highlight the global importance of legumes and the diverse genetic resources that have been harnessed through human agricultural practices. Figure 2 Metabolomic profiles of Phaseolus species (Adopted from Rendón-Anaya et al., 2017) Image caption: The heatmap shows the 30 most informative mass signals from extracts of young trifoliate leaves that explain inter-species differences between P. vulgaris, P. pseudovulgaris, and P. coccineus. The associated horizontal dendrogram reproduces the phylogeny of the accessions, while the vertical dendrogram clusters mass signals according to their abundance. Approximately unbiased probabilities (AU) and bootstrap support (BP)≥70 are displayed in the horizontal dendrogram (Adopted from Rendón-Anaya et al., 2017)
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