Legume Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 140-151 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 149 crops like tomatoes and peppers has been explored, showing potential for broader agricultural applications. The role of Rhizobiumin enhancing abiotic stress tolerance through mechanisms such as trehalose accumulation also presents practical benefits for crop resilience under adverse conditions. The integration of Rhizobium and PGPR in legume cultivation can lead to substantial improvements in agricultural productivity. Enhanced nodulation and nitrogen fixation directly contribute to better plant growth and higher yields, as evidenced by studies on common beans and other legumes. The ability of Rhizobiumto compete effectively with native strains and persist in the field further ensures sustained benefits over multiple growing seasons. Additionally, the genetic adaptation of native rhizobial strains to local environments can be leveraged to develop more effective inoculants, tailored to specific agricultural contexts. The use of Rhizobium in legume cultivation promotes environmental sustainability by reducing the reliance on chemical fertilizers. Biological nitrogen fixation by rhizobium-legume symbioses is an eco-friendly alternative that enhances soil fertility and reduces the environmental impact of agricultural practices. Furthermore, the ability of Rhizobium to form symbiotic relationships with a variety of legumes and even some non-leguminous crops expands its potential for sustainable agriculture. The role of Rhizobiumin improving plant resilience to abiotic stresses also contributes to more sustainable crop production under changing climatic conditions. The role of Rhizobium in legume crop enhancement is multifaceted, encompassing genetic diversity, practical applications, and significant implications for agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. Future research should focus on field trials to validate the effectiveness of co-inoculation strategies and the use of native rhizobial strains in diverse agricultural settings. Additionally, exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying rhizobium-legume interactions can provide deeper insights into optimizing these symbiotic relationships for enhanced crop performance. Overall, the integration of Rhizobium into sustainable agricultural practices holds great promise for improving legume production and contributing to global food security. Acknowledgments The authors sincerely thank the two anonymous peer reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions on the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Abdelkhalek A., El-gendi H., Al-Askar A., Maresca V., Moawad H., Elsharkawy M., Younes H., and Behiry S., 2022, Enhancing systemic resistance in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to Bean yellow mosaic virus via soil application and foliar spray of nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strain 33504-Alex1, Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 933498. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.933498. Ahemad M., and Khan M., 2011, Insecticide-tolerant and plant-growth-promoting Rhizobium improves the growth of lentil (Lens esculentus) in insecticide-stressed soils, Pest Management Science, 67(4): 423-429. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2080. Allito B., Ewusi-Mensah N., and Logah V., 2020, Legume-rhizobium strain specificity enhances nutrition and nitrogen fixation in faba bean (Vicia faba L.), Agronomy, 10(6): 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060826. Andrews M., and Andrews M., 2016, Specificity in legume-rhizobia symbioses, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(4): 705. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18040705. Begum A., Leibovitch S., Migner P., and Zhang F., 2001, Specific flavonoids induced nod gene expression and pre-activated nod genes of Rhizobium leguminosarum increased pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.) nodulation in controlled growth chamber environments, Journal of Experimental Botany, 52(360): 1537-1543. https://doi.org/10.1093/JEXBOT/52.360.1537. Buernor A., Kabiru M., Bechtaoui N., Jibrin J., Asante M., Bouraqqadi A., Dahhani S., Ouhdouch Y., Hafidi M., and Jemo M., 2022, Grain legume yield responses to rhizobia inoculants and phosphorus supplementation under Ghana soils: a meta-synthesis, Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 877433. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.877433. Chakraborty S., Valdés-López O., Stonoha-Arther C., and Ané J., 2022, Transcription factors controlling the rhizobium-legume symbiosis: integrating infection, organogenesis, and the abiotic environment, Plant and Cell Physiology, 63(10): 1326-1343. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcac063.
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