Legume Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 105-117 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 105 Review Article Open Access Evolutionary Genomics of Peas Insights into Domestication and Diversity Xuanjun Fang Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Sanya, 572025, Hainan, China Corresponding email: xuanjun.fang@hitar.org Legume Genomics and Genetics, 2024 Vol.15, No.3 doi: 10.5376/lgg.2024.15.0012 Received: 05 May, 2024 Accepted: 06 Jun., 2024 Published: 17 Jun., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Fang, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Fang X.J., 2024, Evolutionary genomics of peas insights into domestication and diversity, Legume Genomics and Genetics, 15(3): 105-117 (doi: 10.5376/lgg.2024.15.0012) Abstract Peas (Pisum sativum L.) have played a significant role in agriculture and scientific research due to their nutritional value and genetic model status. This study comprehensively examines the evolutionary history, genomic structure, domestication, and genetic diversity of peas. We discuss advances in genomic tools and resources, highlighting recent progress in sequencing technologies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and bioinformatics resources. Functional genomics and trait mapping efforts, including the identification of key genes, QTL mapping, and marker-assisted selection, are explored. The role of pea-microbe interactions, particularly in symbiotic nitrogen fixation and pathogen resistance, is also reviewed. Furthermore, modern breeding techniques, including genomic selection and CRISPR/Cas9, are presented alongside case studies of successful breeding programs. The study concludes with an analysis of current challenges in pea genomics and proposes future research directions to integrate genomics with phenomics for crop improvement. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of pea genomics to enhance breeding strategies and ensure sustainable agricultural practices. Keywords Pea genomics; Domestication; Genetic diversity; Functional genomics; Crop improvement 1 Introduction Peas (Pisum sativum L.) have a rich history as one of the oldest domesticated crops, with their domestication dating back thousands of years. The evolutionary journey of peas has been marked by significant genetic changes driven by both natural selection and human intervention. Recent genomic studies have provided valuable insights into the complex evolutionary history of peas, revealing patterns of genetic variation and the impact of domestication on their genome. For instance, the first annotated chromosome-level reference genome assembly for pea has shed light on genomic rearrangements and the role of repetitive elements in pea genome evolution (Kreplak et al., 2019). Additionally, genotyping-by-sequencing data from diverse germplasm collections have helped trace the geographic expansion of pea cultivation and identify selective sweeps associated with domestication (Pavan et al., 2022). These studies underscore the intricate genetic dynamics that have shaped the evolution and domestication of peas. Peas are a vital crop in global agriculture, serving as a significant source of protein for both human consumption and animal feed. They rank among the most widely cultivated pulses worldwide, with substantial contributions to food security and sustainable agriculture. The nutritional value of peas, including their high protein content and rich array of vitamins and minerals, makes them an essential component of diets in many regions (Tayeh et al., 2015). Moreover, peas have played a foundational role in the field of genetics, being the original model organism used by Gregor Mendel in his groundbreaking experiments on inheritance. Despite their historical significance, advancements in pea genomics have lagged behind other crops, but recent developments in genomic tools and resources are paving the way for enhanced breeding programs and crop improvement (Smýkal et al., 2012; Tayeh et al., 2015). This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the evolutionary genomics of peas, with a focus on insights into their domestication and genetic diversity. The study will synthesize findings from recent genomic studies to elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying pea domestication and the evolutionary processes that have contributed to their current diversity. By integrating data from various genomic analyses, including reference
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