Legume Genomics and Genetics 2024, Vol.15, No.1, 1-12 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/lgg 7 It can be seen that rhizobia secrete various types of signaling molecules to trigger and bind multiple cascade regulatory mechanisms within plant cells, forming a macroscopic regulatory network. This multi-level interaction helps rhizobia finely manipulate various physiological functions of the host plant and optimize their steady-state symbiosis within the root nodules. The revelation of this deep regulatory mechanism will lay a solid foundation for our understanding of rhizobial biology. 4 Research Progress and Application 4.1 Progress in molecular mechanism research Significant progress has been made in the study of molecular mechanisms in the symbiotic relationship between rhizobia and plants. Through in-depth research on the signal exchange and metabolic regulation mechanisms between rhizobia and plants, we have gained a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying nodule formation. We have been able to decipher the relationship between different Nod factor structures and biological activities in the study of the signal molecule Nod factor produced by rhizobia. This provides a theoretical basis for designing and synthesizing more effective Nod factors. In addition, we also conducted in-depth research on the receptors and signaling pathways of plants towards Nod factors. By analyzing the structure and function of receptor proteins, we can better understand how plants recognize and respond to Nod factors, and initiate signaling pathways for nodule formation. Significant progress has also been made in the study of other signaling molecules released by rhizobia, and we have found that some rhizobia can release symbiotic effectors to regulate plant growth and development. By studying the structure and biological activity of symbiotic effectors, we can understand how they regulate plant metabolism and growth and development. In addition, we also discovered some symbiotic effectors that regulate plants by activating plant hormone signaling pathways and regulating plant gene expression (Christina and Simona, 2021). Our research on the molecular mechanisms of the symbiotic relationship between rhizobia and plants also provides some new ideas for agricultural applications. By deeply understanding the signal exchange and metabolic regulation mechanisms between rhizobia and plants, we can develop new agricultural technologies and variety improvement strategies. Researchers can use gene editing techniques to alter the structure of plant receptors for Nod factors, thereby enhancing the plant's ability to infect rhizobia. Symbiotic effectors can also be used to regulate plant growth and development, improving crop yield and quality. 4.2 Agricultural applications of nitrogen fixation and growth and development regulation in leguminous plants Leguminous plants have the ability to coexist with rhizobia and provide the necessary nitrogen source for plants through nitrogen fixation by rhizobia. This characteristic has important application value in agriculture, which can improve soil fertility, reduce the use of fertilizers, and increase crop yield and quality. A typical example is the application of leguminous plant soybean in agriculture. Soybean, as an important economic crop, has a high nitrogen demand. Through symbiosis with rhizobia, soybean can form nitrogen nodules in the nodules and convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms for plants through the nitrogen fixation ability of rhizobia. This enables soybeans to reduce their dependence on fertilizer nitrogen and lower the cost of agricultural production. Meanwhile, rhizobial symbiosis can also provide other nutrients such as phosphorus and potassium, further promoting the growth and development of soybeans. In many agricultural systems, corn and soybean are common crop rotation plants because soybean's nitrogen fixation ability can provide nitrogen for non nitrogen fixing crops such as corn. Soybeans can fix a large amount of nitrogen through symbiosis with rhizobia. In maize soybean rotation, nitrogen fixation of soybeans provides a nitrogen source for the next season of maize crops (Sanjay et al., 2021). In addition to soybeans, other leguminous crops such as peas, lentils, and peanuts can also benefit from symbiotic relationships with rhizobia. These crops obtain additional nitrogen sources by co growing with rhizobia,
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==