Field Crop 2025, Vol.8, No.6, 265-273 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 267 particularly obvious when planted densely (Tian et al., 2024). However, it should be said that the density cannot be increased too much either. Otherwise, PAR cannot reach the lower layer, the chlorophyll content will decrease accordingly, the photosynthetic efficiency will drop, and the final yield will also be blocked (Yan et al., 2024). Figure 1 A schematic model depicting the leaf position and incident light of maize. The IU, and IO, IM, and IL are PAR values on a horizontal level at upper, middle and lower leaf layers. The thickness of the red arrows represent the light density that is intercepted by different leaf positions (Adopted from Tian et al., 2022)
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