Field Crop 2025, Vol.8, No.5, 247-257 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 248 and less on the root system (Rehling et al., 2021). In addition, wheat can "sense" the root density and soil space around it, and then adjust its growth pattern (Figure 1). In this way, they can better adapt to crowded environments and avoid insufficient resources (Wheeldon et al., 2021). Figure 1 Soil volume directly influences plant growth independently of nutrient levels. (a) Final plant size in spring wheat plants grown in 100, 500 and 2000 ml of soil (photos are to scale). (b-e) Graphs showing the relationship between soil volume and mean peak tiller number (b), straw biomass (c), mean total spikelets (d) and mean total seed (e) in spring wheat (Mulika) in 100, 500 and 2000 ml of soil, without supplemental fertilizer (closed triangles) or with additional fertilizer (‘Fert’) (closed squares). Error bars indicate SEM, n = 6-12. Data points with the same letter are not statistically different from each other; Kruskal-Wallis (c) or analysis of variance + Tukey HSD (c-e) (Adopted from Wheeldon et al., 2021)
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