Field Crop 2025, Vol.8, No.2, 51-60 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 53 plants with greater stem diameter, which translates to higher biomass and grain yield (Makanda et al., 2010; Pfeiffer et al., 2010; Sandeep and Biradar, 2020) (Table 1). Additionally, hybrids often exhibit improved disease resistance and stress tolerance, which are crucial for maintaining productivity in varying environmental conditions (Makanda et al., 2010; He et al., 2020). For instance, the development of cytoplasmic male-sterile lines has enabled the creation of hybrids with higher sugar content in stems, which is beneficial for syrup and ethanol production (Pfeiffer et al., 2010). Figure 1 The complete chloroplast genome map of Sorghum bicolor in the male sterile (ATx623) and maintainer line (BTx623) (Adopted from Choe et al., 2023) Image caption: The genes inside and outside the circle are transcribed in the clockwise and counterclockwise directions, respectively. Genes belonging to different functional groups are represented using different colors. Thick lines indicate the extent of the inverted repeats (IRa and IRb) that separate the genomes into small single-copy (SSC) and large single-copy (LSC) regions. The red-filled red triangles indicate the region of insertion and deletion (InDel) markers (Adopted from Choe et al., 2023) 3.2 Challenges in traditional breeding approaches Traditional breeding approaches in sorghum face several challenges. One major issue is the limited genetic diversity available in pureline varieties, which restricts the potential for significant yield improvements and disease resistance (Makanda et al., 2010). Moreover, traditional breeding is time-consuming and labor-intensive, often requiring multiple generations to achieve desired traits. The reliance on natural pollination processes also introduces variability and unpredictability in breeding outcomes (Hanafi et al., 2022). These challenges underscore the need for more efficient breeding techniques, such as the use of male sterility systems to facilitate hybrid seed production (Song et al., 2020; Wan et al., 2021).
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