Field Crop 2025, Vol.8, No.2, 93-101 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 98 are both expensive and laborious. For example, Guan et al. (2018) mentioned that the interaction mechanisms between many pathogens and grapes are still unclear. Not to mention that some experiments are difficult to repeat, as Santos et al. (2020) has encountered before. Figure 3 Analysis of the impact of VvMLO3 gene editing on grapevine morphology and cellular disease resistance mechanisms (Adopted from Wan et al., 2020) Image caption: a the wild-type (WT) and two VvMLO3-edited heterozygous mutant grapevine lines grown under phytotron conditions for 6 months (bar = 10 cm). b Representative micrographs showing DAB-and trypan blue-stained epidermal cells of the WT and VvMLO3-edited lines at 5 or 7 dpi. Red arrowheads indicate trypan blue retention, and black arrowheads indicate H2O2 accumulation (bar = 50 μm). c Representative images showing a trypan blue-stained leaf section of WT or CM3G2-40 with a focus on either the epidermal layer or the mesophyll cell layer at 7 dpi (bars = 50 μm). d Histochemical analysis of infection-triggered CWAs of epidermal cells of the WT and the heterozygous CM3G2-40 mutant line at 7 dpi. Red arrowheads indicate haustoria (H), and black arrowheads indicate infection-triggered CWAs (bars =50 μm) (Adopted from Wan et al., 2020) 7.4 Future research directions Both Capriotti et al. (2020) and Guan et al. (2018) suggested integrating various omics data, which is a good idea. But this alone is not enough. After all, Pirrello et al. (2021) found that the data standards of different laboratories are not unified. So, we need to do more international cooperation in the future. The resource library project led by
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