Field Crop 2025, Vol.8, No.2, 61-71 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 66 crucial in overcoming the challenges associated with wheat's complex genome and limited transformable tissues (Shrawat and Armstrong, 2018). The integration of genetic engineering with conventional breeding strategies has led to the development of wheat varieties that not only exhibit improved agronomic traits but also contribute to sustainable agricultural practices by reducing the need for chemical inputs (Shrawat and Armstrong, 2018; Trono and Pecchioni, 2022). 6.2 Utilization of transcriptomics and proteomics for key trait identification The application of transcriptomics and proteomics in wheat breeding has revolutionized the identification of key traits associated with stress resistance and yield improvement. Transcriptomic analyses, such as RNA sequencing, have enabled the identification of differentially expressed genes under various stress conditions, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying stress responses (Alotaibi et al., 2020). This information is critical for selecting candidate genes for genetic engineering and breeding programs aimed at enhancing wheat's adaptability to changing environmental conditions (Alotaibi et al., 2020). Table 1 Loci and linked or functional markers forsome key trais Traits QTL/Gene Marker Name Marker Type Source Resistance to bioticstresses FHB Fhb1 TaHRC-GSM, TaHRC-KASP Genespecific,KASP Sumai3 QFhb-2DL KASP10238, KASP12056 KASP J5265 Powderymildew Pm60 M-Pm60S1, M-Pm60-2 / Trihiarm nrh QPmcms-3BS Str-IWB41105 STARP Zhou8452B Leaf rust Lr22a Kwh636, Kwh637 and Kwh638 KASP RL4495 QLr-2BS B800092275_51 Kukri_c36783_91 KASP Zhoumai22 Stripe rust QYr.AYH-5BL KASP_AX-109337325, KASP_AX-110400764 KASP Amyuehong Stemrust Sr13 KASFSr13, rwgsnp37 KASP/STARP tetraploid wheat Resistance to abiotic stresses Drought TaWRK51 AS, B-Hpall ndel/CAIS / Cdld Fr-AZ S1862541, S1298957, S1051014 KASP / qCT5A.3 k5A4692, k5A7728 KASP / Lodging TrCOMT-3B ThCOMT-3BM Indel / Loci for yield-relatedtraits TKW TaTAP6 / KASP / TaSDIRI / dCAPS / QGoiB.4 TGW-4B CAPS Shannong 01-35 SL/SC QSc/Sl.cib-5A, QSc/Sl.cib-6A KASP_AX_110462709. KASP AX-109308935 KASP Chunmai⁴2 FT FT-D1 SFT-D1 STARP Nongda4332 SNPS TKCo-B5 TaCOL-B5 CAPS CItr 17600 Loci for grainquality GPC GPC Kgp-2B, Kgp-2D, Kgpe-4A KASP / Ghr-DImul Gh-D1 gwm642 SSR NapHal BLack point resistance QBp.ans-3BL / KASP Zhong892 PHST Qpls.ahan-1A LA1142 CAIS / Qpls.ahnu-3B WS5431 dCAPS / Qpls.ahu-6B EX06323 CAIS / Table caption: FHB, Fusarium head blight; TKW, thousand kernel weight; SL, spike length; SC, spike compactness; HD, heading date; PH, plant height; FT, flowering tine; SNPS, spikelet nodes per spike; GPC, grain protein content; PHST, pre-harvest sprouting tolerance
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