Field Crop 2025, Vol.8, No.2, 51-60 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 58 9 Conclusion and Future Prospects The research on enhancing heterosis in sorghum using male sterile lines has demonstrated significant potential for improving various agronomic traits. Studies have shown that hybrids derived from cytoplasmic male-sterile lines exhibit higher brix, greater stalk yield, and improved juice yield compared to their male-fertile counterparts. Additionally, the use of male sterile lines has been effective in increasing grain yield and other yield-related traits, as well as enhancing resistance to diseases such as anthracnose. These findings underscore the importance of male sterile lines in sorghum breeding programs aimed at developing high-yielding, disease-resistant hybrids with superior quality traits. Future research should focus on exploring new male sterile lines to further enhance genetic diversity and heterosis in sorghum. This includes the identification and utilization of diverse germplasm and landraces to create novel hybrid combinations. Additionally, there is a need to investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying heterosis and combining ability for key traits such as grain yield, biomass, and nutritional content. Enhancing the genetic diversity of male sterile lines and their corresponding restorers will be crucial for sustaining long-term breeding success and adaptability to various environmental conditions. The development of superior sorghum hybrids through the use of male sterile lines has significant implications for global food security and agricultural sustainability. High-yielding and disease-resistant hybrids can contribute to increased sorghum production, thereby providing a reliable food source in regions prone to food insecurity. Moreover, the improved biomass and sugar content in sweet sorghum hybrids can support biofuel production, offering a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and contributing to energy security. Overall, the advancements in sorghum breeding using male sterile lines hold promise for enhancing agricultural productivity and sustainability on a global scale. Acknowledgments The author would like to especially thank the reviewers for their revision suggestions on this study. The thorough review and detailed recommendations have greatly enhanced the academic quality and rigor on the manuscript of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Agarwal M., and Shrotria P., 2005, Heterosis and inbreeding depression in forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 65(01): 12-14. Chauhan P., and Pandey P., 2021, Studies on heterosis, residual heterosis and inbreeding depression for yield and related traits in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), Agricultural Science Digest, 42(1): 53-57. https://doi.org/10.18805/AG.D-5249 Chen G., Zhou Y., Kishchenko O., Stepanenko A., Jatayev S., Zhang D., and Borisjuk N., 2020, Gene editing to facilitate hybrid crop production, Biotechnology Advances, 46: 107676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107676 Choe M., Kim J., Nabi R., Han S., and Cho K., 2023, Development of InDels markers for the identification of cytoplasmic male sterility in Sorghum by complete chloroplast genome sequences analysis, Frontiers in Plant Science, 14: 1188149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1188149 Elkonin L., Gerashchenkov G., Domanina I., and Rozhnova N., 2015, Inheritance of reversions to male fertility in male-sterile sorghum hybrids with 9E cytoplasm male sterility induced by environmental conditions, Russian Journal of Genetics, 51(3): 251-261. Fujimoto R., Uezono K., Ishikura S., Osabe K., Peacock W., and Dennis E., 2018, Recent research on the mechanism of heterosis is important for crop and vegetable breeding systems, Breeding Science, 68(2): 145-158. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.17155 Gaddameedi A., Phuke R., Polavarapu K., Gorthy S., Subhasini V., Jagannathan J., and Are A., 2020, Heterosis and combining ability for grain Fe and Zn concentration and agronomic traits in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], Journal of King Saud University-Science, 32(7): 2989-2994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.08.003 Hanafi S., Cherkaoui S., Kehel Z., Sanchez-Garcia M., Sarazin J., Baenziger S., and Tadesse W., 2022, Hybrid seed set in relation with male floral traits, estimation of heterosis and combining abilities for yield and its components in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Plants, 11(4): 508. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040508
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