Field Crop 2024, Vol.7, No.5, 243-251 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 248 paddies. Several studies have highlighted the potential of various management practices to mitigate emissions. For instance, the adoption of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation has been shown to significantly reduce methane (CH₄) emissions by 25%~70% without increasing nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions (Chirinda et al., 2018). Additionally, the use of biochar and other soil amendments can further reduce GHG emissions while enhancing rice yields (Yagi et al., 2020). The development and implementation of drought-resistant rice varieties, such as HY3, have also demonstrated effectiveness in maintaining yields and reducing GHG emissions under water-saving irrigation strategies (Xu et al., 2015). Future research should focus on optimizing these practices and developing new technologies that can be easily adopted by farmers to achieve sustainable rice production. 7.2 Enhancing climate resilience in rice production Enhancing the climate resilience of rice production systems is essential to ensure food security while mitigating climate change. The integration of water-saving irrigation practices, such as intermittent irrigation and AWD, has shown promise in reducing GHG emissions and conserving water resources (Lansing et al., 2023). Moreover, the selection of high-yielding, low-emission rice varieties can significantly contribute to reducing the global warming potential (GWP) of rice cultivation (Zhang et al., 2019). It is also important to consider the local environmental and climatic conditions when implementing these practices, as their effectiveness can vary based on soil type, organic carbon content, and other factors (Jiang et al., 2019). Future research should aim to develop region-specific strategies that enhance the resilience of rice production systems to climate change. 7.3 Need for multi-disciplinary approaches Addressing the complex issue of GHG emissions from rice paddies requires a multi-disciplinary approach that integrates agronomy, soil science, climate science, and socio-economic factors. Studies have shown that changes in field management practices can balance the trade-offs between high yield and low emissions of GHGs (Shang et al., 2021). However, the interactions between different management practices and site-specific conditions need to be better understood to develop effective mitigation strategies (Zhao et al., 2019). Collaborative efforts among researchers, policymakers, and farmers are essential to identify and implement the most promising practices. Additionally, there is a need for comprehensive assessments that consider the overall GWP of different management practices and their socio-economic impacts (Hussain et al., 2015). Future research should focus on developing integrated approaches that address the environmental, economic, and social dimensions of sustainable rice production. 8 Concluding Remarks Rice paddies are significant sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs), particularly methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N₂O), contributing substantially to global emissions. Various studies have highlighted the critical factors influencing these emissions and potential mitigation strategies. For instance, rice paddies contribute around 30% and 11% of global agricultural CH4 and N₂O emissions, respectively, necessitating urgent mitigation strategies. The spatial and temporal dynamics of CH4 emissions are influenced by factors such as soil properties and climate conditions, with warming climates potentially enhancing CH4 emissions. Elevated CO2 levels have been shown to increase CH4 emissions from paddies, although the effects vary over time and between ecosystems. Management practices, such as alternate wetting and drying (AWD), have demonstrated significant reductions in CH4 emissions without compromising rice yields. Additionally, the conversion of rice paddies to other agricultural systems, such as aquaculture, can also reduce GHG emissions. The role of rice plants themselves in mitigating CH4 emissions, particularly in high-emitting paddies, has been noted, suggesting that certain rice varieties could be more effective in reducing emissions. Mitigating GHG emissions from rice paddies is crucial for climate change adaptation and requires a multifaceted approach. Effective strategies include optimizing water management practices, such as AWD, which significantly reduce CH4 emissions while maintaining rice yields. Additionally, reducing nitrogen fertilizer application can lower N₂O emissions, contributing to overall GHG mitigation. The adoption of improved rice varieties that can suppress CH4 emissions further enhances the potential for sustainable rice production. Integrating remote sensing and biogeochemical modeling can provide accurate assessments of GHG emissions, aiding in the development of
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