Field Crop 2024, Vol.7, No.5, 243-251 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 247 nitrogen with organic fertilizer in paddy rice significantly decreased net GHG emissions and improved rice yield (Shang et al., 2021). These findings suggest that while some strategies may lead to trade-offs between different types of GHG emissions, they can still achieve overall reductions in GWP and maintain or even enhance rice yields. 5.3 Lessons learned and best practices From these case studies, several lessons and best practices have emerged. First, water management practices such as AWD and early-season drainage are effective in reducing CH₄ emissions and overall GWP, although they may increase N₂O emissions (Islam et al., 2018). Therefore, it is crucial to balance the trade-offs between different GHGs. Second, integrating organic fertilizers and optimizing nitrogen application rates can further mitigate GHG emissions while enhancing rice yields. Third, the selection of drought-resistant rice varieties can help maintain yields under water-saving irrigation regimes, making these strategies more viable for farmers. Lastly, continuous adaptation and localized management, as demonstrated by Balinese farmers, can lead to both reduced GHG emissions and increased rice yields, highlighting the importance of community-based approaches (Lansing et al., 2023). 6 Policy and Economic Considerations 6.1 Role of government and international agencies Governments and international agencies play a crucial role in mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rice paddies. Effective policies and regulations are essential to promote sustainable agricultural practices and reduce emissions. For instance, regulatory bodies can formulate policies that encourage the adoption of water management practices such as alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and intermittent irrigation, which have been shown to significantly reduce methane (CH₄) emissions from rice fields (Lansing et al., 2023). Additionally, international agencies can facilitate the exchange of knowledge and technology, helping to implement best practices globally. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides scaling factors for different water management practices, which can guide policymakers in setting realistic and effective emission reduction targets (Jiang et al., 2019). 6.2 Economic incentives for adoption of mitigation strategies Economic incentives are vital to encourage farmers to adopt GHG mitigation strategies. Subsidies, tax breaks, and financial support for the adoption of sustainable practices can make a significant difference. For example, providing financial incentives for the use of organic fertilizers instead of synthetic nitrogen can help reduce net GHG emissions while maintaining or even improving rice yields (Shang et al., 2021). Similarly, promoting the use of drought-resistant rice varieties through economic incentives can help conserve water and reduce GHG emissions without compromising yield (Xu et al., 2015). These incentives can lower the initial cost barriers for farmers, making it more feasible for them to implement environmentally friendly practices. 6.3 Challenges and barriers to implementation Despite the potential benefits, several challenges and barriers hinder the implementation of GHG mitigation strategies in rice paddies. One major challenge is the trade-off between reducing CH₄ and increasing nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions. For instance, while non-continuous flooding practices can significantly reduce CH₄ emissions, they may lead to an increase in N₂O emissions, complicating the overall GHG mitigation efforts. Additionally, the variability in soil and climate conditions can affect the effectiveness of different management practices, making it difficult to implement a one-size-fits-all solution (Zhao et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2019). Economic constraints also pose a significant barrier, as the initial costs of adopting new technologies and practices can be prohibitive for many farmers. Furthermore, there is often a lack of awareness and technical knowledge among farmers about the benefits and methods of GHG mitigation, which can impede the adoption of these practices (Chen et al., 2021; Gupta et al., 2021). 7 Future Directions and Research Needs 7.1 Innovations in technology and practices Innovations in technology and practices are crucial for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rice
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