Field Crop 2024, Vol.7, No.5, 243-251 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 246 Figure 2 Management practices of C sequestration (Adopted from Dheri and Nazir, 2021) 4.2 Policy and incentive frameworks for emission reduction Effective policy and incentive frameworks are essential for encouraging farmers to adopt practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddies. Policies that promote the use of water-saving irrigation techniques, such as alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and intermittent irrigation, can significantly reduce methane emissions while maintaining rice yields (Islam et al., 2020. Additionally, providing incentives for the adoption of improved rice varieties that are more efficient in nitrogen uptake and less dependent on continuous flooding can further reduce emissions (Zhao et al., 2019). Policymakers should also consider supporting the use of biochar amendments, which have been shown to decrease methane and nitrous oxide emissions while increasing crop yields (Wu et al., 2019). These frameworks should be designed to balance the trade-offs between reducing emissions and ensuring food security. 4.3 Education and awareness programs for farmers Education and awareness programs are critical for equipping farmers with the knowledge and skills needed to implement greenhouse gas mitigation strategies effectively. Training programs that focus on the benefits and techniques of water-saving irrigation practices, such as intermittent irrigation and AWD, can help farmers reduce methane emissions from their rice paddies (Jiang et al., 2019; Lansing et al., 2023). Additionally, educating farmers about the advantages of using organic fertilizers and biochar amendments can promote practices that enhance soil carbon sequestration and reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions. Awareness campaigns should also highlight the importance of adopting improved rice varieties and no-till practices to achieve sustainable rice production with lower emissions (Xu et al., 2015). By providing farmers with the necessary information and resources, these programs can facilitate the widespread adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices. 5 Case Study 5.1 Successful implementation of emission reduction strategies Several studies have demonstrated the successful implementation of various strategies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rice paddies. For instance, a global meta-analysis highlighted that non-flooding irrigation methods, such as alternate wetting and drying (AWD), significantly reduced methane (CH₄) emissions by 53% compared to continuous flooding, although it did increase nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions by 105% (Jiang et al., 2019). Another study in China showed that water-saving irrigation strategies, such as flooded and wet intermittent irrigation (FWI) and flooded and dry intermittent irrigation (FDI), reduced CH₄ emissions by 60% and 83%, respectively, compared to continuous flooding (Xu et al., 2015). Additionally, early-season drainage combined with mid-season drainage was found to reduce CH₄ emissions and yield-scaled global warming potential (GWP) by 85-90% compared to continuous flooding. 5.2 Analysis of outcomes The outcomes of these strategies have been multifaceted, impacting both GHG emissions and rice yields. For example, the implementation of AWD not only reduced CH₄ emissions by 38% but also increased water use efficiency by 40%, although it led to a 34% increase in N₂O emissions (Wang et al., 2020). Similarly, the use of FWI and FDI irrigation strategies resulted in a reduction of GWP and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) by up to 29%, while maintaining rice yields when using drought-resistant rice varieties. In another case, replacing synthetic
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