Field Crop 2024, Vol.7, No.5, 278-286 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 282 5 Efficacy of Agronomic Biofortification in Maize Cultivation 5.1 Case studies highlighting successful biofortification programs Agronomic biofortification is a promising strategy to address micronutrient deficiencies by increasing the concentration of essential minerals in food crops, such as maize. Several case studies have demonstrated the success of agronomic biofortification in increasing micronutrient concentrations in maize. For instance, a field experiment in Malawi showed that the application of zinc-enriched fertilizers significantly increased the zinc concentration in maize grains, which is crucial for addressing zinc deficiencies prevalent in the region (Botoman et al., 2020). Another study in Sub-Saharan Africa highlighted the effectiveness of micronutrient fertilization in improving the nutritional quality of staple crops, including maize, when combined with integrated soil fertility management practices (Valença et al., 2017). These case studies underscore the potential of agronomic biofortification to enhance the nutritional value of maize and contribute to food security. 5.2 Factors influencing the effectiveness of biofortification The effectiveness of agronomic biofortification in maize cultivation is influenced by several factors, including soil type, climate, and crop management practices. Soil type plays a critical role, as different soils have varying capacities to retain and supply micronutrients to plants. For example, a study in Malawi found that the effectiveness of zinc biofortification varied between Lixisols and Vertisols, highlighting the importance of site-specific soil conditions. Climate also affects nutrient uptake and utilization by crops, with factors such as temperature and rainfall influencing the availability of micronutrients in the soil (Kihara et al., 2020). Additionally, crop management practices, including the type and method of fertilizer application, significantly impact the nutrient use efficiency and biofortification outcomes (Bhardwaj et al., 2022). 5.3 Challenges and limitations in implementing biofortification strategies Despite its potential, agronomic biofortification faces several challenges and limitations. One major challenge is the variability in nutrient uptake and translocation efficiency among different maize genotypes, which can affect the consistency of biofortification outcomes (Teklu et al., 2023). Additionally, the cost and availability of micronutrient fertilizers can be a barrier for resource-poor farmers, limiting the widespread adoption of biofortification practices. Another limitation is the lack of direct evidence linking increased micronutrient concentrations in crops to improved human health outcomes, which is essential for justifying the investment in biofortification programs. Furthermore, socio-psychological factors, such as farmers' attitudes and beliefs, play a crucial role in the adoption of biofortification practices, as demonstrated in a study on iodine biofortification in Uganda (Aparo et al., 2023). 6 Case Study 6.1 Overview of a specific region where maize biofortification has been implemented In the North-eastern region of Tamil Nadu, India, agronomic biofortification of maize has been actively implemented to address micronutrient deficiencies. This region, characterized by its reliance on maize as a staple crop, has seen significant efforts to enhance the nutritional quality of maize through biofortification practices. 6.2 Description of the biofortification approach used and the results achieved The biofortification approach in Tamil Nadu involved the application of mineral fertilizers, specifically focusing on zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). The study conducted in Chinnakandiankuppam village, Vriddhachalam Taluk, utilized integrated nutrient management practices. Two maize hybrids (biofortified and non-biofortified) were tested with six different treatments, combining recommended doses of fertilizers (RDF) through NPK and farmyard manure (FYM), along with foliar applications of Zn and Fe. The most effective treatment was found to be the application of 50% RDF through NPK and 50% through FYM, supplemented with foliar applications of Zn and Fe. This approach significantly improved growth attributes, yield, nutrient uptake, and quality parameters of maize (Augustine and Kalyanasundaram, 2021). 6.3 Lessons learned and best practices from the case study The case study in Tamil Nadu highlighted several key lessons and best practices. Firstly, the integration of mineral fertilizers with organic amendments (FYM) proved to be highly effective in enhancing the bioavailability of
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