Field Crop 2024, Vol.7, No.5, 252-260 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 258 been extensively studied, with a chromosome-length reference genome and a pan-genome assembly highlighting the core and variable genes, as well as the absence of essential mycorrhizal-associated genes. The draft genome sequence of L. angustifolius has captured over 98% of the gene content and identified candidate genes for key disease resistance and domestication traits. Epigenomic studies have shown variations in chromatin modifications among different Lupinus species, providing insights into their evolutionary processes. Additionally, genetic and genomic diversity studies in Lupinus mutabilis have identified significant intra-specific variability, which is essential for breeding and conservation programs. Genome-wide association studies have pinpointed QTLs linked to important agronomic traits, facilitating marker-assisted selection. Cytogenetic mapping has revealed karyotype variations and chromosomal rearrangements, contributing to our understanding of lupin genome evolution. The genomic resources generated for Lupinus species offer new opportunities to fast-track crop improvement. The identification of core and variable genes, as well as candidate genes for disease resistance and domestication traits, provides a solid foundation for developing improved lupin varieties. The absence of mycorrhizal-associated genes in L. angustifolius suggests a unique adaptation mechanism that could be leveraged for breeding programs. The epigenomic diversity observed among Lupinus species can be exploited to understand gene expression regulation and its impact on phenotypic traits, aiding in the selection of desirable traits. The genetic diversity within L. mutabilis and the identification of QTLs for agronomic traits are pivotal for developing varieties adapted to different environmental conditions, particularly in Europe. The cytogenetic insights into karyotype evolution and chromosomal rearrangements provide a framework for understanding the genetic basis of important traits and for developing chromosome-specific markers for breeding. Acknowledgments Thanks to the anonymous peer review for their critical comments and revising suggestion. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Arora L., and Narula A., 2017, Gene editing and crop improvement using CRISPR-Cas9 system, Frontiers in Plant Science, 8: 1932. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01932 Chen K., Wang Y., Zhang R., Zhang H., and Gao C., 2019, CRISPR/Cas genome editing and precision plant breeding in agriculture, Annual Review of Plant Biology, 70(1): 667-697. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100049 Czyż K., Książkiewicz M., Koczyk G., Szczepaniak A., Podkowiński J., and Naganowska B., 2020, A Tale of two families: whole genome and segmental duplications underlie glutamine synthetase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase diversity in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(7): 2580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072580 Garg G., Kamphuis L., Bayer P., Kaur P., Dudchenko O., Taylor C., Frick K., Foley R., Gao L., Aiden E., Edwards D., and Singh K., 2022, A pan‐genome and chromosome‐length reference genome of narrow‐leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) reveals genomic diversity and insights into key industry and biological traits, The Plant Journal, 111(5): 1252-1266. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15885 Guilengue N., Alves S., Talhinhas P., and Neves-Martins J., 2019, Genetic and genomic diversity in a tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) germplasm collection and adaptability to mediterranean climate conditions, Agronomy, 10(1): 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010021 Gulisano A., Alves S., Rodriguez D., Murillo Á., Dinter B., Torres A., Gordillo-Romero M., Torres M., Neves-Martins J., Paulo M., and Trindade L., 2022, Diversity and agronomic performance of Lupinus mutabilis germplasm in European and Andean environments, Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 903661. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.903661 Gulisano A., Lippolis A., Loo E., Paulo M., and Trindade L., 2023, A genome wide association study to dissect the genetic architecture of agronomic traits in Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis), Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 1099293. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1099293 Guo T.X., 2024, The role of genomics in advancing pulse crop productivity, Legume Genomics and Genetics, 15(4): 176-186. https://doi.org/10.5376/lgg.2024.15.0018
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