Field Crop 2024, Vol.7, No.5, 252-260 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 255 Figure 2 Indel variation in the promoter sequence of LanFTc1 gene controlling flowering induction in L. angustifolius. Allele ku is typical for wild populations, alleles Jul and Ku are present only in domesticated germplasm, whereas allele Pal was found only in wild germplasm from Palestine. The position is given in relation to the first nucleotide of CCAAT-box (Adopted from Rychel-Bielska et al., 2020) 4 Genomic Tools and Technologies 4.1 Genome sequencing and assembly inLupinus species Genome sequencing and assembly have been pivotal in advancing our understanding of Lupinus species. For instance, the draft genome sequence of Lupinus angustifolius was constructed using whole genome shotgun sequencing, achieving a 26.9x coverage and predicting 57 807 genes. This assembly, combined with a high-density genetic linkage map, facilitated the identification of functional genes of agronomic interest, such as those associated with disease resistance (Yang et al., 2013). Additionally, the construction of an ultra-high density consensus genetic map containing 34 574 sequence-defined markers has significantly enhanced the physical map, covering 560.5 Mb of the genome sequence (Zhou et al., 2017). These genomic resources are crucial for structural genomics, comparative genomics, and molecular plant breeding. 4.2 Genomic markers and their application in breeding Genomic markers are essential tools in molecular breeding, enabling the identification and selection of desirable traits. In Lupinus luteus, transcriptome sequencing has led to the development of a comprehensive set of EST-simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, which have been validated for their utility in diversity studies and transferability to related species (Parra-González et al., 2012). Similarly, in Lupinus angustifolius, whole genome re-sequencing has been employed to develop diagnostic DNA markers tightly linked to disease-resistance loci, facilitating marker-assisted selection (Yang et al., 2015). The application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, such as RAD sequencing, has further accelerated marker development, enabling the rapid identification of SNP markers linked to disease resistance genes (Yang et al., 2012). 4.3 CRISPR and gene-editing technologies inLupinus research CRISPR/Cas9 technology has revolutionized functional genomics and crop improvement by enabling precise genetic modifications (Guo, 2024). In Lupinus albus, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been adapted for multiplex genome editing using endogenous promoters, achieving high mutation frequencies in target genes (Zhu et al., 2023). This technology has the potential to enhance traits such as disease resistance, nutritional quality, and stress tolerance. The broader application of CRISPR/Cas9 in plant breeding includes generating knockouts, making precise modifications, and fine-tuning gene regulation, which are critical for developing improved crop varieties (Arora and Narula, 2017; Chen et al., 2019). The integration of CRISPR/Cas9 with traditional breeding methods promises to accelerate the development of superior lupin cultivars. 5 Insights into Agronomic Traits 5.1 Genetic basis of drought and stress resistance Drought and stress resistance are critical traits for the successful cultivation of lupin species, particularly in regions prone to water scarcity. Research on white lupin (Lupinus albus) has identified significant genetic variation and genotype × environment interactions for grain yield and other traits under drought conditions. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 9 828 SNP markers revealed that yield under drought conditions is polygenic and heritable, with a high predictive ability for genomic selection models. Notably, two significant QTLs for yield were identified, which differed between drought-prone and moisture-favorable conditions,
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