Field Crop 2024, Vol.7, No.3, 182-190 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 189 9.2 Areas for further research Future research should focus on several key areas to improve WCR management. There is a need for the development and evaluation of new insecticides with novel modes of action to overcome existing resistance3. Additionally, research into integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that combine chemical, biological, and cultural control methods is crucial. For instance, the use of entomopathogenic nematodes and beneficial soil organisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas bacteria, has shown promise in reducing WCR damage and should be further explored (Jaffuel et al., 2019; Modic et al., 2020). Another important area is the investigation of crop rotation and other agronomic practices to reduce WCR populations without relying solely on chemical controls (Furlan et al., 2022). Finally, understanding the mechanisms of resistance and developing molecular tools for early detection of resistance can help in designing more effective management strategies (Gassmann et al., 2019). 9.3 Policy and regulatory considerations Policy and regulatory frameworks play a critical role in the management of WCR. There is a need for policies that support the adoption of IPM practices and the development of sustainable pest management solutions. Regulations should encourage the use of environmentally friendly and non-chemical control methods, such as biological control agents and crop rotation (Modic et al., 2020; Furlan et al., 2022). Additionally, policies should promote research and development of new insecticides and resistance management strategies. Regulatory agencies must also ensure that new products are thoroughly evaluated for their efficacy and environmental impact before approval. Furthermore, there should be guidelines for the responsible use of insecticides to delay the development of resistance and preserve the effectiveness of existing control measures (Souza et al., 2019; Meinke et al., 2021). Collaboration between policymakers, researchers, and farmers is essential to implement these strategies effectively and ensure the long-term sustainability of maize production. 10 Concluding Remarks The research on the impact of soil insecticides on Western Corn Rootworm (WCR) and maize yield has provided several key insights. Various chemical control strategies, including pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, and organophosphates, have been shown to significantly reduce WCR larval density and root damage, leading to increased grain yield. Studies have also demonstrated that soil-applied granular insecticides and seed treatments can effectively manage WCR populations, although resistance to pyrethroids has been observed, reducing the efficacy of these treatments in some regions. Additionally, biological control methods, such as the use of entomopathogenic nematodes and beneficial soil organisms, have shown promise as sustainable alternatives to chemical insecticides. The importance of sustainable insecticide use cannot be overstated. The history of WCR management has shown that over-reliance on chemical insecticides can lead to resistance, rendering these treatments less effective over time. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies, which combine chemical, biological, and cultural control methods, are essential for sustainable WCR management. Crop rotation, for example, has been identified as an effective strategy to keep WCR populations below damage thresholds without the need for insecticides, thereby reducing environmental impacts and promoting long-term agricultural sustainability. In conclusion, while soil insecticides play a crucial role in managing WCR and protecting maize yield, their use must be balanced with sustainable practices to prevent resistance development and environmental harm. Future research should focus on enhancing the efficacy of biological control agents and integrating them into IPM frameworks. Additionally, continuous monitoring of WCR resistance levels and adapting management strategies accordingly will be vital. Policymakers and agricultural stakeholders should promote the adoption of IPM practices and support research into sustainable pest management solutions to ensure the long-term viability of maize production. Acknowledgments Authors express gratitude to the anonymous peer reviewers for their critical constructive suggestions on our manuscript.
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