Field Crop 2024, Vol.7, No.3, 171-181 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 173 mature plants and can be found in various sugarcane-growing regions worldwide (Sevilla et al., 2001; Saravanan et al., 2007). The colonization process involves the bacteria entering the plant tissues and establishing themselves as endophytes, which allows them to interact closely with the plant cells and contribute to its growth and development (Saravanan et al., 2007; Bertalan et al., 2009). The genetic determinants that drive successful colonization include recognition and signaling pathways, which are crucial for the establishment of this symbiotic relationship (Pankievicz et al., 2021). Figure 1 Fluorescence micrographs of GFP-tagged P. dispersa (AA7) and E. asburiae (BY4) rhizobacteria (Adopted from Singh et al., 2021) Image caption: (A~C) is a plasmid pPROBE-pTetr-OT containing the green fluorescent protein (GFP), (D, E) and (G, H) is the colony morphology of P. dispersa (AA7) and E. asburiae (BY4) observed by SEM, (F, I) are the GFP/pPROBEpTetr -TT tagged P. dispersa and E. asburiae. (J~L) and (M~O) CLSM of GFP/pPROBEpTetr -TT-tagged P. dispersa and E. asburiae colonizing root, leaf, and stem tissues of micropropagated sugarcane plantlets. The images represent bacterial cells in green dots (white arrow), indicating the colonization of rhizobacteria with autofluorescence in every part of sugarcane tissues, respectively (Adopted from Singh et al., 2021) 3.2 Nitrogen fixation process in sugarcane One of the primary benefits of diazotrophic bacteria to sugarcane is their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, converting it into a form that the plant can utilize. This biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) significantly contributes
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