Field Crop 2024, Vol.7, No.2, 105-115 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 113 10 Concluding Remarks Cultural weed management strategies play a crucial role in mitigating the infestation of weedy rice in rice cultivation. Various studies have highlighted the effectiveness of different cultural practices. Using clean seeds and machinery can significantly reduce the introduction of weedy rice seeds into the field. This method, combined with herbicides like paraquat or glyphosate, has shown to reduce weed density by up to 53%. Thorough land preparation and rotating different rice establishment methods can help manage weedy rice effectively. Higher seeding rates and narrow row spacing have been found to reduce weed biomass significantly without affecting yield. Integrating allelopathic rice varieties with cultural management options can enhance weed suppression and reduce herbicide use. Proper water management, including flooding, can reduce weedy rice germination and growth. Combining cultural, mechanical, and chemical methods can sustainably reduce weed infestation and herbicide use. Cultural weed management strategies are essential for sustainable rice cultivation, especially in the context of increasing herbicide resistance and environmental concerns. These strategies not only help in reducing the infestation of weedy rice but also contribute to the overall sustainability of rice farming by minimizing the reliance on chemical herbicides. The integration of various cultural practices, such as the use of clean seeds, proper land preparation, crop rotation, and the adoption of allelopathic rice varieties, can create a more resilient and productive rice cultivation system. To ensure the long-term sustainability of rice cultivation, it is imperative for researchers, policymakers, and farmers to collaborate and promote the adoption of cultural weed management strategies. Future research should focus on optimizing these practices and developing region-specific guidelines to maximize their effectiveness. Policymakers should support initiatives that encourage the use of sustainable weed management practices, and farmers should be educated and incentivized to implement these strategies in their fields. By working together, we can reduce the impact of weedy rice and enhance the sustainability of rice production systems worldwide. Acknowledgments Author extends sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their thorough review of this study and for their valuable suggestions for improvement. Conflict of Interest Disclosure Author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Ajaykumar R., Sivasabari K., Vigneshwaran R., and Kumaresan P., 2022, Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) complexes on direct seeded rice (DSR) and its management strategy: a review, Agricultural Reviews, R-2538. https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.R-2538 Andres A., Concenço G., Theisen G., Galon L., and Tesio F., 2012, Management of red rice (Oryza sativa) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) grown with sorghum with reduced rate of atrazine and mechanical methods, Experimental Agriculture, 48(4): 587-596. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479712000671 Bajwa A., Mahajan G., and Chauhan B., 2015, Nonconventional weed management strategies for modern agriculture, Weed Science, 63(4): 723-747. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-15-00064.1 Banik N., Kumar A., Mohapatra B., Kumar V., Sreenivas C., Singh S., Panneerselvam P., and Kumar V., 2020, Weed management approaches in direct-seeded rice in eastern Indian ecologies-a critical and updated review, Indian Journal of Weed Science, 52(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-8164.2020.00001.5 Benaragama D., and Shirtliffe S., 2013, Integrating cultural and mechanical methods for additive weed control in organic systems, Agronomy Journal, 105(6): 1728-1734. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2013.0007 Busi R., Nguyen N., Chauhan B., Vidotto F., Tabacchi M., and Powles S., 2017, Can herbicide safeners allow selective control of weedy rice infesting rice crops? Pest Management Science, 73(1): 71-77. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4411 PMid:27484802
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