Field Crop 2024, Vol.7, No.2, 105-115 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 108 introduction and spread of weedy rice. This practice is particularly crucial in direct-seeded rice systems where the absence of standing water at crop emergence can exacerbate weedy rice problems (Chauhan, 2013). Figure 1 Influence of management strategies on rice and wheat yields (a and c) and the corresponding weed population and the soil seed bank dynamics (b and d) (Adopted from Zhang et al., 2021) Image image: This data underscores the importance of effective weed management practices in maintaining high crop yields and suggests that NG (No Grazing) treatment may include practices that significantly reduce weed seed bank densities, thereby improving crop performance (Adapted from Zhang et al., 2021) 5.2 Stale seedbed technique The stale seedbed technique involves preparing the seedbed well in advance of planting and allowing weed seeds to germinate. These weeds are then eliminated using non-selective herbicides or shallow tillage before the crop is sown. This method has been shown to significantly reduce the weed seed bank and subsequent weed infestation in rice fields (Dass et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2021; Dilipkumar et al., 2022). For instance, the integration of stale seedbed techniques with post-sowing herbicides has been effective in controlling complex weed flora in dry-seeded rice (Zhang et al., 2021). Thorough land preparation, including practices such as plowing, harrowing, and leveling, can help in reducing weedy rice infestation by burying weed seeds deeper into the soil, where they are less likely to germinate. Proper land preparation also ensures a uniform seedbed, which can enhance the effectiveness of other weed management practices (Chauhan, 2013; Ceseski et al., 2022).
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