Field Crop 2024, Vol.7, No.2, 93-104 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 100 fertilizers and pesticides, have led to increased yields but also to a reduction in the area planted with traditional landraces (Bellon and Hellin, 2011). This shift has been driven in part by government programs aimed at fostering commercialization and hybrid adoption. However, the abandonment of traditional practices can lead to the erosion of cultural heritage and community cohesion. On the other hand, the retention of traditional practices, supported by cultural preferences and anti-poverty programs, can empower communities, particularly women, by preserving their roles in agricultural decision-making and maintaining their cultural identity (Bellon and Hellin, 2011). 8.3 Farmer livelihoods The livelihoods of farmers are intricately linked to the type of maize cultivation practices they adopt. Traditional farming practices, which often involve organic farming and the use of biofertilizers, can be more sustainable and environmentally friendly, potentially leading to long-term benefits for farmer livelihoods (Bajpai and Kumar, 2022). However, these practices may also result in lower immediate yields compared to modern practices, which can be a significant drawback for farmers seeking to maximize their income. Conversely, the adoption of modern practices, such as the use of genetically modified crops and advanced machinery, can lead to substantial yield increases and higher short-term profits (Bellon and Hellin, 2011). Nevertheless, these benefits must be weighed against the potential risks, including increased dependency on commercial seed suppliers and the loss of traditional knowledge and practices. In conclusion, the social and cultural implications of maize cultivation practices are multifaceted and complex. While modern practices offer the promise of higher yields and increased income, they also pose risks to cultural heritage and community cohesion. Traditional practices, on the other hand, play a crucial role in preserving cultural identity and promoting sustainable farming, but may not always meet the economic needs of farmers. Balancing these factors is essential for the sustainable development of farming communities. 9 Case Study 9.1 Introduction to the case study This case study aims to compare traditional and modern maize cultivation practices in a selected region. By examining the differences in methodologies, productivity, and environmental impact, we seek to provide a comprehensive understanding of how these practices influence maize cultivation outcomes. The selected region for this study is Bhavikere, where both traditional and modern farming methods are employed. 9.2 Traditional practices in the selected region Traditional maize cultivation practices in Bhavikere typically involve natural farming methods. These methods rely on minimal external inputs and emphasize the use of organic materials and traditional knowledge passed down through generations. Key characteristics of traditional practices include: use of natural fertilizers such as compost and manure. Minimal use of chemical pesticides and herbicides. Crop rotation and intercropping to maintain soil fertility and reduce pest incidence. Manual labor for planting, weeding, and harvesting. 9.3 Modern practices in the selected region Modern maize cultivation practices in Bhavikere are characterized by the adoption of advanced agricultural techniques and inputs to maximize yield and efficiency. These practices include: application of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides as per recommended packages. Use of high-yielding hybrid maize varieties. Mechanization of planting, weeding, and harvesting processes. Implementation of precision farming techniques to optimize resource use. 9.4 Comparative analysis The comparative analysis of traditional and modern maize cultivation practices in Bhavikere reveals significant differences in productivity, soil health, and environmental impact. According to a field experiment conducted at the Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Bhavikere, modern farming practices resulted in higher growth and yield parameters for maize, including plant height, number of leaves per plant, cob length, straw yield, and grain yield (Veeranna et al., 2023). In contrast, traditional practices, particularly organic farming, showed higher enzyme activities such as dehydrogenase and urease, indicating better soil health (Veeranna et al., 2023).
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