Field Crop 2024, Vol.7, No.2, 93-104 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 95 high-intensity and GMO-based systems, rely heavily on advanced technologies such as herbicide-resistant transgenic hybrids, pesticides, higher fertilizer rates, and no-till practices. These methods, while potentially increasing yield, often result in lower sustainability and higher environmental costs (Rótolo et al., 2015). Figure 1 Mechanical operations in mechanized-based maize–soybean intercropping systems of China (Adopted from Iqbal et al., 2018) 3.2 Input use The input use in traditional maize cultivation is generally lower and more organic. Traditional systems utilize natural fertilizers and minimal chemical inputs, which contribute to better soil health and lower environmental impact. For example, organic farming treatments have shown higher enzyme activities and nutrient content in the soil compared to conventional practices (Veeranna et al., 2023). On the other hand, modern maize cultivation practices involve the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and genetically modified seeds. These inputs are designed to maximize yield but can lead to soil degradation and increased reliance on nonrenewable resources (Rótolo et al., 2015; Cox and Cherney, 2018). The use of composted manure and mechanical weed control in organic systems during the transition phase also highlights the differences in input use between traditional and modern practices (Cox and Cherney, 2018). 3.3 Crop varieties Traditional maize cultivation often involves the use of open-pollinated varieties that are selected and improved by farmers over generations. These varieties are typically well-adapted to local conditions and can contribute to the preservation of biodiversity. For instance, breeding programs for traditional agriculture have focused on improving open-pollinated populations for specific traits such as flour yield and bakery quality under organic conditions (Revilla et al., 2015). In contrast, modern maize cultivation frequently employs hybrid and genetically modified (GM) varieties that are engineered for specific traits such as pest resistance and higher yield. These varieties require significant investment in terms of prior knowledge and high-tech laboratory research (Rótolo et al., 2015). The use of GM hybrids treated with fungicides and insecticides is a common practice in conventional systems, further distinguishing them from traditional methods (Cox and Cherney, 2018).
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODY0NQ==