Field Crop 2024, Vol.7, No.2, 70-78 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 77 The combined application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has also been effective in improving soil fertility and rice yield. Recent advancements in genomics and biotechnological methods have facilitated the development of more efficient PGPM strains. Molecular characterization of strains such as Bacillus subtilis JPVS11 has identified key plant growth-promoting traits such as production of indole-3-acetic acid and ACC deaminase activity, which are crucial for stress resistance and nutrient uptake. Furthermore, mathematical models describing the impact of PGPM on rice growth and yield offer new insights into their physiological effects. PGPM are increasingly being integrated with sustainable agricultural practices, such as organic farming and integrated pest management. Using PGPM as biofertilizers can reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers, thereby minimizing environmental impact and promoting soil health. Studies have shown that PGPM can enhance nutrient use efficiency and improve soil enzyme activity, making them a viable option for sustainable rice production systems. Combining PGPM with other sustainable practices like organic farming and integrated pest management can further enhance their effectiveness. For example, combining PGPM with reduced chemical fertilizer application has been shown to maintain or even increase rice yield while reducing environmental impact. Moreover, integrating PGPM with practices such as crop rotation and cover cropping can improve soil health and resistance to pests and diseases. PGPM hold tremendous potential in enhancing rice yield and ensuring global food security. By improving nutrient absorption, stress resistance, and soil health, PGPM can play a key role in sustainable agriculture. Future research should focus on optimizing inoculation techniques, understanding the mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions, and developing multi-strain inoculants to maximize the benefits of PGPM. With ongoing advances in genomics and biotechnological methods, PGPM can make significant contributions to sustainable food production and global food security. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Abhilash P., Dubey R., Tripathi V., Gupta V., and Singh H., 2016, Plant growth-promoting microorganisms for environmental sustainability, Trends in Biotechnology, 34(11) 847-850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.05.005 PMid:27265889 Adak A., Prasanna R., Babu S., Bidyarani N., Verma S., Pal M., Shivay Y., and Nain L., 2016, Micronutrient enrichment mediated by plant-microbe interactions and rice cultivation practices, Journal of Plant Nutrition, 39: 1216-1232. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2016.1148723 Bakhshandeh E., Pirdashti H., and Gilani Z., 2017, Application of mathematical models to describe rice growth and nutrients uptake in the presence of plant growth promoting microorganisms. Applied Soil Ecology, 124: 171-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.10.040 Bakhshandeh E., Pirdashti H., Lendeh K., Gilani Z., Khanghahi M., and Crecchio C., 2020, Effects of plant growth promoting microorganisms inoculums on mineral nutrition, growth and productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.), Journal of Plant Nutrition, 43: 1643-1660. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2020.1739297 Cavite H., Mactal A., Evangelista E., and Cruz J., 2020, Growth and yield response of upland rice to application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 40: 494-508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10114-3 Chen D., Saeed M., Ali M., Raheel M., Ashraf W., Hassan Z., Hassan M., Farooq U., Hakim M., Rao M., Naqvi S., Moustafa M., Al-Shehri M., and Negm S., 2023, Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi combined application reveals enhanced soil fertility and rice production, Agronomy, 13(2): 550. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020550 Desoky E., Saad A., El-Saadony M., Merwad A., and Rady M., 2020, Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: Potential improvement in antioxidant defense system and suppression of oxidative stress for alleviating salinity stress in Triticum aestivum(L.) plants, Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 30: 101878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101878
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODY0NQ==