Field Crop 2024, Vol.7, No.2, 70-78 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 76 Figure 3 Some benefits of biotization process compared to classical micropropagation process (Adopted from Soumare et al., 2021) 5.2 Practical applications The practical application of PGPM in rice cultivation faces several hurdles. One significant issue is the inconsistent vitality and efficiency of PGPM when applied as biofertilizers. For example, Ji et al. (2019) explored the use of atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma to enhance the vitality and functional activity of Bacillus subtilis CB-R05, which subsequently improved rice growth and yield. However, such technological interventions may not always be feasible or cost-effective for large-scale farming. Additionally, the method of inoculation plays a crucial role in the success of PGPM applications. According to Lopes et al. (2021), different inoculation methods, such as seed, root, and soil inoculation, can lead to varying outcomes in plant growth and stress tolerance. Therefore, developing standardized and efficient inoculation techniques is essential for the widespread adoption of PGPM in agriculture. 5.3 Regulatory and safety issues The use of PGPM in agriculture also raises regulatory and safety concerns. Ensuring that these microorganisms do not pose any risks to human health, non-target organisms, or the environment is paramount. The study by Soumare et al. (2021) emphasized the need for stringent regulatory frameworks to oversee the application of PGPM, particularly in micropropagation and other controlled environments. Moreover, the potential for horizontal gene transfer and the development of antibiotic resistance in microbial communities necessitates careful monitoring and regulation. As highlighted by Cavite et al. (2020), further field evaluations are required to confirm the safety and efficacy of PGPM before they can be recommended as biofertilizers on a large scale. Addressing these regulatory and safety issues is crucial for gaining public trust and ensuring the sustainable use of PGPM in enhancing rice productivity. 6 Conclusions and Prospects Research on Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms (PGPM) has demonstrated significant potential in enhancing rice yield. Numerous studies have shown that PGPM can improve growth parameters such as tiller number, leaf area index, dry biomass, and grain yield. For instance, co-inoculation with Pantoea ananatis and Piriformospora indica has been shown to increase grain yield by 22.6% and reduce the usage of potassium sulfate fertilizer by 40.5%. Similarly, the Bacillus subtilis strain JPVS11 has been proven to enhance plant height, root length, chlorophyll content, and soil enzyme activity under salinity stress.
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