Field Crop 2024, Vol.7, No.2, 70-78 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/fc 73 Figure 1 The effects of different microbial inoculants on rice (Adopted from Wang et al., 2023) Image caption: (A) The rice pot experiments; (B) Photos showing 16-day-old rice plants; (C) Rice shoot (S) and root (R) fresh weight (FW); (D) Rice shoot (S) and root (R) dry weight (DW); (E) Rice shoot (S) and root (R) length (L); (F) Rice shoot (S) and root (R) nitrogen concentration (N); (G) Rice shoot (S) and root (R) phosphorus concentration (P); (H) Rice shoot (S) and root (R) potassium concentration (K); CK, non-inoculated; F, inoculated with Bacillus velezensis FH-1; N, inoculated with Brevundimonas diminuta NYM-3; FN, inoculated with B. velezensis FH-1 and B. diminuta NYM-3. Data followed by the different lowercase letters are significantly different at p ≤ 0.05 (Adopted from Wang et al., 2023) 3.2 Yield improvement The impact of PGPM on rice yield is profound. Co-inoculation with Pantoea ananatis and Piriformospora indica has been shown to increase grain yield by approximately 22.6% compared to control treatments (Bakhshandeh et al., 2017). Similarly, the use of PGPM such as Enterobacter sp. and Piriformospora indica has resulted in a linear increase in grain yield with the addition of potassium sulfate fertilizer, achieving up to 32% higher yields than control treatments (Bakhshandeh et al., 2020). Furthermore, the combined application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has been reported to significantly boost rice yield and essential nutrient uptake, with a notable increase in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content in plant tissues (Chen et al., 2023). 3.3 Soil health and fertility PGPM not only enhance plant growth and yield but also play a crucial role in improving soil health and fertility. The application of PGPR and AMF has been shown to lower soil pH and increase the organic matter content, thereby enhancing the availability of essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil (Chen et al., 2023). Additionally, the use of microbial inoculants like Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Trichoderma harzianum has been found to improve the utilization of phosphate and other nutrients, leading to increased shoot biomass production and better nutrient acquisition (Mpanga et al., 2018). Coating synthetic NPK fertilizers with plant growth-promoting bacteria has also been demonstrated to improve soil fertility and rice yield under stress conditions, such as alum stress.
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