Cotton Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 72-79 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/cgg 75 availability can be limited by soil characteristics such as pH and texture, which affect nutrient solubility and uptake by plants (Ahmed et al., 2020; Abbas et al., 2023). Additionally, climatic factors such as temperature and rainfall patterns can alter the nutrient dynamics in the soil, further complicating the management of micronutrients (Ul-Allah et al., 2021). This variability poses a challenge in developing standardized micronutrient management practices that are effective across different regions. 5.2 Limited understanding of genotype-nutrient interactions There is a limited understanding of how different cotton genotypes interact with micronutrients, which is crucial for optimizing nutrient management strategies. Different cotton cultivars may respond variably to micronutrient applications, affecting growth, yield, and fiber quality (Wahid et al., 2020; Wahid et al., 2021). For instance, certain genotypes may have a higher affinity for specific micronutrients, influencing their uptake and utilization efficiency. This knowledge gap hinders the development of targeted nutrient management practices that can maximize the genetic potential of different cotton varieties (Swetha et al., 2020). 5.3 Inadequate farmer awareness and adoption Despite the proven benefits of micronutrient application in improving cotton yield and fiber quality, there is inadequate awareness and adoption among farmers. Many farmers lack knowledge about the specific roles of micronutrients and the appropriate application techniques, such as foliar feeding, which can enhance nutrient uptake and efficiency (Kaur et al., 2024). Additionally, economic constraints and limited access to micronutrient products further impede the widespread adoption of these practices. Addressing these challenges requires concerted efforts in farmer education and the development of cost-effective micronutrient solutions (Abbas et al., 2022; De Souza Júnior et al., 2022). 6 Case Study: Micronutrient Management in Cotton Cultivation in India 6.1 Background and regional context Cotton cultivation in India, particularly in regions like Central India and Maharashtra, faces challenges due to soil nutrient imbalances and climate change impacts. The soils in these areas, such as the swell-shrink soils of Central India, have been experiencing a decline in essential nutrients like potassium (K) due to the overuse of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers without adequate K supplementation (Gabhane et al., 2023). Additionally, the semi-arid regions, such as those in Maharashtra, are characterized by Vertisols, which require careful nutrient management to maintain soil quality and crop productivity. The agricultural soils across India also show widespread deficiencies in micronutrients such as zinc (Zn), boron (B), and sulfur (S), which are crucial for sustaining crop yields and quality (Figure 1) (Shukla et al., 2021). 6.2 Implemented micronutrient strategies To address these challenges, several strategies have been implemented. In Central India, the use of green manuring with gliricidia has been explored to supplement K requirements, improving soil quality and cotton productivity. In semi-arid regions, integrated nutrient management (INM) practices have been adopted, which include the use of organic amendments like farmyard manure (FYM) and gliricidia to partially substitute for chemical fertilizers, thereby enhancing soil organic carbon and nutrient availability. Additionally, foliar applications of micronutrients such as silicon (Si) and boron (B) have been shown to improve boll retention and fiber quality in transgenic cotton. These strategies are complemented by advanced irrigation techniques like sub-surface drip irrigation (SSDI), which optimize water and nutrient use efficiency (Kaur et al., 2024). 6.3 Observed impacts and lessons learned The implementation of these micronutrient management strategies has led to significant improvements in cotton yield and fiber quality. For instance, the use of gliricidia in nutrient management packages has resulted in higher seed cotton yields and improved soil physical properties in Central India. In Maharashtra, INM practices have enhanced the productivity of cotton-green gram intercropping systems, demonstrating the importance of balanced fertilization for sustainable agriculture. Foliar applications of Si and B have been particularly effective in enhancing fiber quality traits, such as ginning out-turn and fiber length, while also improving plant growth and yield (Abbas et al., 2023). These case studies highlight the critical role of micronutrient management in addressing
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