Cotton Genomics and Genetics 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 57-71 http://cropscipublisher.com/index.php/cgg 68 water management, resulting in inefficient water use and even waste of water resources (Hunsaker et al., 2015). It is recommended that the government formulate more operational irrigation management specifications, such as formulating a guiding irrigation calendar based on regional climate and variety water requirements. At the same time, subsidies for the purchase and operation of irrigation equipment should be increased to promote equipment upgrades and water price reforms for small and medium-sized farmers. In addition, the new professional farmer training program should be combined with systematic field teaching of precision irrigation, water-fertilizer integration and water-saving theory to improve farmers' water management literacy. Acknowledgments We thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions that greatly improved the manuscript. 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