Molecular Soil Biology 2026, Vol.17, No.1, 51-60 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 57 established: CK (conventional fertilizer application), INM1 (half nitrogen fertilizer + organic fertilizer supplementation), and INM2 (half nitrogen fertilizer + organic fertilizer + bio-fertilizer). Each treatment had 3 replicates, with 3 adjacent vines per replicate (Hendgen et al., 2018). Rhizosphere soil samples were collected during the greening and ripening stages to analyze soil nutrient content and microbial diversity; simultaneously, the yield per vine, soluble solids content (TSS) of fruit, and total phenols were recorded for each treatment (Figure 3) (Meissner et al., 2019; Cataldo et al., 2021). Figure 3 Effects of integrated nutrient management (INM) on vineyard soil microbial diversity, soil health, and grape yield and quality (Adapted from Cataldo et al., 2021) 7.2 Effects of integrated nutrient management on soil microbial diversity In this case study, compared with the CK treatment (fertilizer application only), INM1 and INM2 significantly increased the diversity of the soil microbial community. Specifically, this manifested as an increase in the Shannon index of the bacterial community and an increase in the proportion of dominant bacterial phyla (such as Actinobacteria); the fungal community also tended to stabilize (Hendgen et al., 2018). Literature reports indicate that treatment with cover crops or organic amendments can significantly increase the number of bacterial OTUs and the diversity index in the soil (García-Orenes et al., 2016; Song et al., 2022). In this case, under the INM1/INM2 treatment, soil microbial biomass C and N increased by approximately 20%-30% compared to the control (CK), and the activity of active enzymes (such as alkaline phosphatase and urease) increased, indicating that the function of the microbial community was enhanced (Meissner et al., 2019). This is consistent with other studies: reducing chemical fertilizers and applying organic fertilizers can significantly increase microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and enzyme activity in the rhizosphere soil. These results indicate that a scientific INM model provides rhizosphere microorganisms with richer nutrients and a better habitat, thereby optimizing the microbial community structure. 7.3 Effects of integrated nutrient management on grape yield and quality Under the implementation of integrated nutrient management, both grape yield and quality showed varying degrees of improvement. For example, a medium level of organic fertilizer plus chemical fertilizer (similar to M2NPK) increased grape yield per vine by approximately 14%, and also increased total sugar and vitamin C content (Chang et al., 2025). In this case, the INM1 and INM2 treatments increased yield per vine compared to the control (expected increase of 10%-15%), and also increased grape TSS, decreased total acidity, and improved fruit flavor. Improved soil fertility (increased organic matter and available nutrients) and enhanced microbial activity
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