Molecular Soil Biology 2026, Vol.17, No.1, 51-60 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 54 or alkaline environments. Second, grape cultivation management practices (such as fertilization patterns, irrigation methods, and weeding methods) have a significant impact on the distribution of the microbial community. Excessive use of single chemical fertilizers often leads to a decrease in microbial diversity, while the application of organic fertilizers and bio-fertilizers can promote an increase in the richness of beneficial microorganisms (Dries et al., 2021; Chang et al., 2025). Furthermore, climatic factors (temperature, precipitation) and the plant itself (variety, root exudates) also alter the rhizosphere environment, thus affecting the microbial community structure (Lailheugue et al., 2024). For example, changes in soil moisture content affect the relative abundance of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, while organic acids and flavonoids secreted by roots can attract certain specific microorganisms. In summary, multiple environmental and management factors interact to jointly shape the structure of the rhizosphere soil microbial community in vineyards (Schmidt et al., 2019). 4 Mechanisms of the Influence of Integrated Nutrient Management on Rhizosphere Microbial Structure 4.1 Effects of different fertilization patterns on microbial community composition Different fertilization patterns have a significant impact on the composition of vineyard soil microbial communities. Studies have generally found that the use of chemical fertilizers alone often reduces microbial diversity and community evenness, while the application of organic fertilizers or bio-inoculants promotes the flourishing of beneficial microbial communities. For example, in the Crimson Seedless Grape rhizosphere soil experiment, the application of humic acid fertilizer and bio-inoculants significantly increased the number of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes in the topsoil compared to chemical fertilizers, with the optimal treatment resulting in a total soil microbial population 1.3 times that of the control. Similarly, in a vineyard experiment in Anhui, compared to traditional chemical fertilizer application, soil treated with a 20% reduction in chemical fertilizer and the addition of liquid organic fertilizer showed significantly higher microbial biomass (C, N content) and enzyme activity than the control (Lin et al., 2019). These results indicate that integrated fertilization patterns provide microorganisms with more diverse nutrient sources and living environments, thereby altering community structure and enhancing the advantages of functional groups such as organic matter decomposition and nitrogen fixation. 4.2 Regulation of microbial metabolic functions by nutrient input Nutrient supply patterns not only alter the abundance of microbial communities but also profoundly affect their metabolic activity and functional expression. Increased organic fertilizer input enriches the soil with carbon sources, leading to more active metabolism in microorganisms that rely on organic matter decomposition, promoting the release and cycling of nutrients (such as ammonia, nitrates, and soluble organic matter); conversely, continuous application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer may inhibit the activity of certain nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Wu et al., 2024). When the available nutrients in the soil change, the dominant positions of different functional groups shift. For example, in nutrient-balanced soils, nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria tend to be more active, thus continuously providing nitrogen and phosphorus to grapevines. Simultaneously, nutrient changes also affect microbial competition; for instance, when organic matter is abundant, the diversity of bacteria competing for organic carbon increases. In summary, nutrient input, by altering carbon and nitrogen substrate supply and nutrient ratios, regulates the metabolic activity and niche of various functional groups within the microbial community, thereby further influencing the overall community structure. 4.3 Feedback effects of soil physicochemical properties on microbial community structure Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) indirectly influences microbial community structure by improving soil physicochemical properties. For example, continuous application of organic fertilizers can significantly increase soil organic matter content, reduce aggregate fragmentation, and provide a more suitable microenvironment for microorganisms; liquid organic fertilizers or soil conditioners can buffer soil pH, preventing acidification and thus creating a more suitable environment for microbial growth (Raimi et al., 2023). These changes create more favorable living conditions for microbial communities, leading to increased diversity. Studies have shown that landless practices (such as straw return and mulching) typically result in higher microbial diversity and richer functional microbial communities than conventional cultivated land (Wu et al., 2024). Similarly, improving soil
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