Molecular Soil Biology 2026, Vol.17, No.1, 51-60 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 53 vineyards, the combined application of appropriate amounts of organic and chemical fertilizers can reduce soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation while increasing microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen; while excessive organic fertilizers, although continuing to improve soil fertility in the short term, may also accelerate the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil, affecting long-term environmental health. Overall, integrated nutrient management optimizes soil physicochemical properties through multiple pathways, improves microbial activity and diversity, thereby enhancing the stability and sustainable productivity of the vineyard ecosystem. 3 Characteristics of Rhizosphere Microbial Community Structure in Vineyard Soil 3.1 Main types and functional groups of rhizosphere microorganisms The rhizosphere soil of vineyards contains a diverse array of microorganisms, mainly including bacteria, fungi (including actinomycetes and other filamentous fungi), and archaea. Bacteria play a central role in nutrient cycling processes such as organic matter decomposition and nitrogen and phosphorus transformation. For example, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (such as Rhizobium and Azotobacter) can fix atmospheric nitrogen, while phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas) can convert insoluble phosphorus in the soil into forms available to plants (Figure 1) (Thepbandit et al., 2024). Fungi, especially fungal filaments, play an important role in degrading cellulose and lignin and forming soil aggregates. Some fungi (such as Glomus) can also form mycorrhizal symbiosis with grape roots, promoting mineral nutrient absorption (Lailheugue et al., 2024). Actinomycetes possess characteristics of both bacteria and fungi, are widely distributed in vineyard soils, and often produce antibiotic-like substances, which are beneficial in inhibiting pathogens. Based on their functions, these microorganisms can be divided into nutrient cycling functional groups (nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, organic matter decomposition, etc.), protective functional groups (antagonistic to pathogens, root growth promotion, etc.), and pathogenic functional groups (such as root rot pathogens). They interact and coexist synergistically, jointly regulating the ecological functions and health status of vineyard soils. Figure 1 Schematic overview of benefits effect of plant interaction with microorganisms in the rhizosphere zone (Adopted from Thepbandit et al., 2024) 3.2 Key factors affecting the structure of grape rhizosphere microbial communities The structure of vineyard rhizosphere microbial communities is influenced by multiple factors. First, soil physicochemical properties (such as pH, organic matter content, and nutrient levels) are important factors determining the composition of the microbial community. For example, soils with high organic matter content usually have a richer microbial community; changes in soil pH will screen out microorganisms suitable for acidic
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