Molecular Soil Biology 2026, Vol.17, No.1, 12-25 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 23 field networks, it is not advisable to simply compare the complexity, but rather to specifically examine which connections have changed, which modules are more stable, whether key nodes have become more concentrated, and whether the system is more resilient to node absence. Considering some cross-regional research results, the topological characteristics related to methane production in the network are often closely related to methane generation. This means that changes in the network structure are not only descriptive phenomena but may also become important clues for understanding and even predicting flux changes. Based on the existing evidence, the emission reduction strategies for subtropical paddy fields can take "water control" as the main line, while also considering the synergy of other processes. Firstly, in terms of water management, the AWD approach with clear thresholds is more suitable, such as using perforated pipes to monitor water levels, and irrigating when the water level under the field surface drops to approximately −15 cm; however, during the relatively sensitive period from grain filling to flowering, a shallow water layer should generally be maintained to reduce the impact on yield. Secondly, considering that AWD sometimes leads to an increase in N2O, nitrogen fertilizer management should be adjusted together, such as optimizing the timing of nitrogen application and fertilizer form, avoiding stages with high soil moisture and high NO₃⁻ levels, and it is more suitable to evaluate the effect by looking at the comprehensive warming potential rather than just a single gas. Furthermore, the timing of organic matter input such as straw should also be noted, as many studies have found that there is a significant interaction between water regime and organic input, and adjusting the time of land application often changes the methane emission level. Finally, in terms of carbon accounting and technology promotion, regionalized emission factors and model tools need to be established as support. The climate conditions, soil texture, and original water management methods in different regions will affect the final emission estimation. At present, there are still some obvious limitations in this type of research. Firstly, network inference itself is prone to be affected by compositional effects and sampling design. Even when using methods such as SparCC or SPIEC-EASI, the connections in the network can only be regarded as statistically correlated and cannot directly indicate the real interaction relationships. To confirm key connections, it often requires cultivation experiments, isotope tracing, or more rigorous causal inference designs. Secondly, studies that simultaneously obtain "gas flux - multi-omics - network structure" data are not numerous, and many lack high temporal resolution sequences; while AWD's core lies precisely in the water pulse process, therefore, more continuous sampling by crop growth stages and soil layers is needed. Thirdly, in terms of monitoring methods, static chambers are commonly used, but they have limitations in representativeness and continuity; eddy correlation can provide continuous observations, but it is more complex in scale interpretation and attribution. A more suitable direction in the future might be the combination of multiple methods and gradually forming a more unified operational process. Finally, at the mechanism level, it is necessary to more clearly evaluate the role of electron acceptor competition and anaerobic methane oxidation in paddy fields, and at the same time, place the iron cycle, nitrogen cycle, and methane process in the same network framework for discussion, so as to more reliably explain and predict the effects of emission reduction measures. Acknowledgments We extend our sincere gratitude to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable and insightful comments, which have greatly strengthened this paper. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Reference Angle J.C., Morin T.H., Solden L.M., Narrowe A.B., Smith G.J., Borton M.A., Rey-Sanchez C., Daly R.A., Mirfenderesgi G., Hoyt D.W., Riley W.J., Miller C.S., Bohrer G., and Wrighton K.C., 2017, Methanogenesis in oxygenated soils is a substantial fraction of wetland methane emissions, Nature Communications, 8: 1567. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01753-4 Banerjee S., Schlaeppi K., and van der Heijden M.G.A., 2018, Keystone taxa as drivers of microbiome structure and functioning, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16(9): 567-576. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0024-1
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