Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.6, 314-324 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 321 7.3 Policies and promotion strategies for promoting INM expansion In the rice-wheat rotation system, the use of INM is much more effective than no fertilization. The net income from wheat can be increased by 127%. Compared with using inorganic fertilizers alone, the revenue can also increase by approximately 9.3%. Meanwhile, INM can also improve soil conditions, including increasing soil organic carbon content, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels, and microbial biomass carbon content (Sharma et al., 2019). INM and SSNM should be officially incorporated into the national fertilizer recommendation system and combined with emission reduction targets. Goals such as reducing nitrogen fertilizer application, lowering N2O emissions, and increasing soil organic carbon storage (Kaur et al., 2025). During the promotion process, practical training can be carried out by relying on platforms such as demonstration fields, farmers' field schools and cooperatives. It can be combined with credit and agricultural insurance measures to help farmers share the risks they may face in the early stage of transformation. Acknowledgments Sincerely thanks the reviewers for their constructive criticisms and suggestions during the review process. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Reference Ahmed M., Hyder S., Ullah A., Khan R., Ahmad M., Hayat A., and Arshad N., 2023, Response of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) on Growth, Yield, and Nutrient use Efficiency of Wheat under Irrigated Conditions, Journal of Applied Research in Plant Sciences, 4(1): 363-369. https://doi.org/10.38211/joarps.2023.04.01.43 Ali M., Bari A., Ibrahim M., Ahmed I., Ahmed U., Zafar R., Ahmad W., Saeed M., and Khalid M., 2024, Impact of irrigation schedule and integrated nutrient management on wheat yield and nutrients uptake under semi-arid regions, Irrigation Science, 43: 519-532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-024-00986-8 Alvi H., Ahmed W., Yaseen M., Danish S., Alshamamri N., Rab S., and Datta R., 2025, Differential effects of sole and phosphorus based nitrogen fertilizer sources on wheat growth and nutrient use efficiency, Scientific Reports, 15(1): 28613. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-12647-7 Bhardwaj A., Malik K., Chejara S., Rajwar D., Narjary B., and Chandra P., 2023, Integration of organics in nutrient management for rice-wheat system improves nitrogen use efficiency via favorable soil biological and electrochemical responses, Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 1075011. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1075011 Bhardwaj A., Rajwar D., Yadav R., and Chaudhari S., 2021, Nitrogen Availability and Use Efficiency in Wheat Crop as Influenced by the Organic-Input Quality Under Major Integrated Nutrient Management Systems, Frontiers in Plant Science, 12: 634448. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.634448 Bhusal K., 2024, Integrated Nutrient Management in Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), Plant Science Archives, 10(1): 13-17. https://doi.org/10.51470/psa.2025.10.1.13 Borase D., Nath C., Hazra K., Senthilkumar M., Singh S., Praharaj C., Singh U., and Kumar N., 2020, Long-term impact of diversified crop rotations and nutrient management practices on soil microbial functions and soil enzymes activity, Ecological Indicators, 114: 106322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106322 Cao W., Sun H., Shao C., Wang Y., Zhu J., Long H., Geng X., and Zhang Y., 2025, Progress in the Study of Plant Nitrogen and Potassium Nutrition and Their Interaction Mechanisms, Horticulturae, 11(8): 930. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080930 Darjee S., Shrivastava M., Langyan S., Singh G., Pandey R., Sharma A., Khandelwal A., and Singh M., 2022, Integrated nutrient management reduced the nutrient losses and increased crop yield in irrigated wheat, Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 69: 1298-1309. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2022.2084535 Das A., Purakayastha T., Ahmed N., Biswas S., Chakraborty D., Yeasin M., Chakraborty R., Walia S., Singh R., Yadava M., Ravisankar N., and Rani K., 2025, Soil Organic Carbon Accrual Under Integrated Organic Management: Evidence From 33 Years of Long‐Term Field Experiments, Soil Use and Management, 41(3): e70111. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.70111 Desta G., Legesse G., Agegnehu G., Tigabie A., Nagaraji S., Gashaw T., Degefu T., Ayalew B., Addis A., Getachew T., Managido D., Bazie Z., Abathun T., Abera A., Dache A., Adissie S., Sebnie W., Feyisa T., Yakob G., Amede T., Van Rooyen A., Jat M., and Harawa R., 2023, Landscape-based nutrient application in wheat and teff mixed farming systems of Ethiopia: farmer and extension agent demand driven approach, Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7: 1241850. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1241850
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