Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.6, 314-324 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 320 biomass returns of leguminous crops to the field and the application of FYM were 872 and 865 μg cm-2, respectively, which were basically close to the total chemical fertilizer treatment and slightly higher in some cases (Bhardwaj et al., 2021). Replacing 50% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen with FYM or green manure can significantly increase various activated carbon components, including POM-C, MBC, KMnO4 oxidizable carbon and DOC. The carbon management index of each treatment was generally above 130, and the sustainable Yield Index (SYI) was also all greater than 0.5. In addition, SYI shows a strong correlation with KMnO4-C, DOC, dehydrogenase activity (DHA), and POM-C, with r² of 0.69, 0.66, 0.65, and 0.64 respectively (Das et al., 2025). 6.3 Soil microbial diversity and enzyme activity In the wheat season irrigation× nutrient management experiment, 50% of the recommended nitrogen was treated with an integrated nutrient source (INS) replaced by FYM. The microbial biomass C in the soil reached 73 μg/g, dehydrogenase 86 μg TPF g-1 d-1, and acidic and alkaline phosphatases 39.6 and 81.8 μg PNP g-1 h-1, respectively, all of which were significantly higher than those of applying chemical fertilizers alone. It is notable that the soil available nitrogen left by a single CRI irrigation combined with INS treatment was the highest (149.3 kg/ha) (Kumar et al., 2021). In a 13-year trial involving leguminous crop rotation × nutrient management, the combination of leguminous crop rotation (pigeon bean-wheat, corn-wheat-mung bean) +INM significantly increased SOC, SMBC and SMBN compared with a single corn - wheat rotation. The activities of alkaline phosphatase, aryl sulfatase, β -glucosidase, dehydrogenase and protease were increased by 9%~80% compared with monoculture corn-wheat, and the nutrient management sequence was generally INM> recommended fertilizer ≈ control (Borase et al., 2020). 7 Future Perspectives and Research Directions 7.1 Precision nutrient management and digital agriculture tools A field test using the Nutrient Expert® (NE) system involved 1,594 farmers. In most cases, the results were positive. More than 80% of the plots produced more wheat than before. Farmers also earned more money from these fields. If this system is used more widely in India, especially in rice–wheat rotation areas, fertilizer use can be cut down. Nitrogen fertilizer could be reduced by about 1.44 Mt each year. At the same time, total grain output may increase by nearly 13.92 Mt. This also helps the environment. CO2-equivalent emissions could drop by around 5.34 Mt every year (Sapkota et al., 2021). In Ethiopia, farmers growing wheat and millet together are using a simple mobile phone app. The app gives fertilizer advice based on how steep the land is. These suggestions are sent by text message. Farmers can easily follow them. After using the app, wheat yields went up clearly. Yields increased by 23% on lower slopes and by 21% on middle slopes. The cost–benefit ratio reached 10:1. This means farmers spent less but earned more overall (Desta et al., 2023). Besides this, new tools are also being used in wheat production. Remote sensing and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) help farmers and technicians watch crop growth over time. They make it easier to understand nutrient conditions and respond faster when problems appear. 7.2 Integration of INM with climate-smart agriculture The corn-wheat rotation in the Ganges Plain of India was compared with different farming and nutrient management methods. By using permanent high beds, while retaining the straw, and in combination with Nutrient Expert® and GreenSeeker™ for precise fertilization, the system yield increased by 23.2% compared with conventional ploughing without returning the straw. The potential for global warming has decreased by 32%, and the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions has dropped by 45%~47% (Hasanain et al., 2025). Under conditions of limited phosphorus supply and unstable climate change, by integrating phosphorus-dissolving bacteria (PSB), soil nutrient information and meteorological data, wheat yields have generally increased by 5%~15% in different ecological regions, such as irrigated plains, arid mountainous areas and delta regions, and the phosphorus content in grains has also increased. Future climate-intelligent integrated nutrient management (CSA-INM) requires greater emphasis on microbial regulation and integration with regional climate adaptation measures (Yahya et al., 2023).
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