Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.6, 314-324 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 318 combining 50% organic nitrogen (compost) and 50% inorganic nitrogen with bio-fertilizer resulted in grain yields of 7168 and 6405 kg/ha for maize and wheat, respectively, and soil organic carbon increases of 2.75% and 1.59%, respectively. Net benefits of $779 and $961 ha-1 were also achieved, exceeding those of chemical fertilizer application alone (Sarwar et al., 2021). Multi-year maize-wheat trials replacing 25%~50% NPK with biochar showed that a 75% NPK + 5 t/ha biochar treatment increased dry matter by 57%, thousand-grain weight by 54%, and grain yield by 63% in wheat (Sarwar et al., 2023). In the rice-wheat system, the application of poultry manure plus different levels of nitrogen during the rice season not only increased rice yield by 61%~67% compared to the no-organic treatment, but also improved apparent nitrogen recovery and yield equivalent through higher N, P, and K uptake (N 177.4 kg/ha, P 31.6 kg/ha, K 179.6 kg/ha), resulting in a residual yield increase of 24.3%~24.4% in the subsequent wheat season (Kaur et al., 2023). Direct data on intercropping INM with wheat are still relatively limited, but in the peanut-wheat sequence, systematic INM (75% RDF + 5 t/ha FYM + PGPR in peanut, 100% RDF in wheat) increased system productivity by 17.1% and system profitability by 22.6% compared to farmers’ usual practices, and improved nutrient uptake and soil fertility in subsequent wheat crops (Jat et al., 2023). 5 Impact of Integrated Nutrient Management on Wheat Productivity 5.1 Grain yield response and yield composition From 2022 to 2024, field trials on INM were done in northern India. Several fertilizer plans were tested. The results were clear. Using different fertilizers together worked better than using only one type. The best treatment included chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and bio-fertilizer. This combination gave good results in both growing seasons. In contrast, the control group showed poor performance. Grain protein content in the control was only 7.6%~7.8%. Protein yield was also low, at about 208~224 kg/ha (Sharma and Tomar, 2025). A two-year experiment was carried out in Haryana. The treatment effect was easier to see in this region. Better results were obtained when the full recommended nitrogen dose was applied. In addition, 25% of nitrogen was supplied through vermicompost. Compared with plots without fertilizer, this treatment showed strong improvements. The number of effective panicles nearly doubled, with an increase of 94.96%. Panicle length increased by 34.14%. The 1 000-grain weight went up by 25.47%. Grain yield increased by 165.21%, and straw yield increased by 157.13% (Fazily, 2021). In the pearl millet–wheat rotation system, another fertilizer pattern was tested. During the wheat season, 75% RDF was applied together with 5 t FYM ha-1. Bio-fertilizers, including Azotobacter and PSB, were also added. Under this treatment, grain yield reached 4.12 t/ha. This yield was similar to that obtained with the 100% RDF + FYM + bio-fertilizer treatment. However, it was clearly higher than the yield from using 100% RDF alone (Saharan et al., 2023). 5.2 Nutrient use efficiency and fertilizer recovery rate The INM treatment using 120-90-60 kg/ha NPK + 5 kg Zn + 1 kg B + bio-fertilizer + FYM resulted in a grain yield of 4.9 t/ha, representing an increase of approximately 25% compared to farmers' conventional fertilization practices and 9%~11% compared to recommended chemical fertilizer systems. Nitrogen use efficiency was significantly improved, with apparent recovery rate and nutrient uptake (N, P, K content) reaching the highest levels (Ahmed et al., 2023). On typical Vertisol, the treatment of 75% NPK + 5 t FYM ha-1 + PSB + Azotobacter + Zn resulted in wheat uptake of N, P, K, S, and Zn reaching 147.1, 28.4, 174.6, 51.9 kg/ha, and 335.6 g/ha, respectively, significantly higher than that of 100% NPK alone (Sharma et al., 2013). Jat et al. (2022) achieved an agronomic efficiency of 3.2 kg, an apparent physiological efficiency of 14.0 kg, and an apparent recovery rate of 0.23 in wheat grown in loamy sandy soil using an INM combination of 5 t/ha FYM + NPK compound fertilizer + NPK bio-fertilizer + multiple foliar applications of urea and NPK, which was significantly improved compared to single application of chemical fertilizers. In a meta-analysis of multi-location data prior to 2024, the practice of "integrated nitrogen management," which combines optimized nitrogen application with irrigation, straw return to the field, and organic fertilizer, increased wheat yield by an average of 5.4% and improved NUE by 55%. Furthermore, under conditions of SOC ≥10 g/kg, annual precipitation ≤400 mm, and average annual temperature 10 ℃~15 ℃, yield increases reached 8.5%, 6.4%, and 5.8%, respectively, without a decrease in water use efficiency (Liu et al., 2024).
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