Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 272-286 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 284 applied; on the contrary, in alkaline saline soils, gypsum is applied to reduce alkalinity, and salt-resistant varieties and salt-tolerant bacteria are used to alleviate salt damage. For loam with sufficient fertility, its advantages can be fully utilized to implement dense planting and high-yield cultivation, while paying attention not to apply excessive nitrogen to avoid inhibiting nitrogen fixation. In all soil types, improving soil organic matter and reasonable crop rotation are common measures to promote stable yield of legumes. Therefore, soil texture, pH and nutrient status should be comprehensively considered to formulate a matching cultivation plan to achieve the goal of adapting to the soil. Through the above typical cases, we can see that the three major regions of black soil, alkaline soil and red soil have formed representative high-efficiency bean cultivation technology models, and the core of these models is to manage the soil limiting factors in a targeted manner. A large number of practices have shown that only by optimizing cultivation management according to local conditions based on soil conditions can the yield potential of bean crops be fully utilized. A single model cannot be applied to all soils, and inappropriate management may be counterproductive or even damage the soil ecology. For example, excessive deep plowing on well-drained sandy soil will aggravate water loss; excessive nitrogen application on fertile black soil will not only waste but also inhibit the nitrogen fixation of soybean nodules. On the contrary, precise improvement of soil shortcomings, such as applying lime to acidic soil, gypsum to alkaline soil, and increasing organic matter in barren soil, and matching cultivation measures can achieve significant results. Adapting to local conditions also means adapting to crops. Different legume varieties have different tolerance to soil stress, and varieties and matching strains that are adapted to soil conditions should be selected. For example, acid-tolerant rhizobia are specifically used for highly acidic red soils, and salt-tolerant strains are used for coastal saline soils to improve the effectiveness of inoculation. Therefore, agricultural technology promotion and farmers' planting need to establish the concept of "looking at the soil and the dish", and choose appropriate technology according to soil characteristics instead of "one size fits all". Only in this way can we ensure both bean yields and soil health and achieve sustainable agricultural development. Looking to the future, bean crop cultivation technology for different soil types will develop in the direction of integrated innovation and precision management. On the one hand, it is necessary to organically integrate soil improvement, fertilizer and water management, variety selection and biotechnology to form a comprehensive supporting solution. For example, the combination of acid-resistant varieties, lime improvement, bacterial agent seed dressing and water conservation mulching for red soil mung bean production is expected to have better results than the simple superposition of single measures. This kind of technical integration requires experts in different fields to work together to develop modular cultivation technology models for farmers to choose. On the other hand, regional customized promotion will be more important. Localities should promote suitable and efficient bean cultivation models based on local soil resources and planting traditions. For example, soybean conservation tillage technology is promoted in the Northeast Black Soil Conservation Area, salt-tolerant bacterial fertilizer + deep loosening and soil improvement model is demonstrated in the Northwest saline-alkali land, and lime + organic fertilizer is promoted in the southern red soil area to improve the planting of high-quality soybean seeds. Government agricultural departments and scientific research and promotion units should strengthen the zoning evaluation of soil types, formulate regional bean production increase plans based on soil conditions, and strengthen training and guidance to enable farmers to master soil management methods. With the development of technologies such as soil sensing, big data and artificial intelligence, it is expected that real-time monitoring and precise policy implementation of soil in different fields can be achieved in the future, such as guiding irrigation and fertilization through soil sensor networks and using drones to monitor growth and timely remedies. Acknowledgments The authors extend sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their feedback on the manuscript of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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