Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 272-286 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 273 In view of the limiting factors of different soil types on the production of legume crops, this study will explore the corresponding efficient cultivation and management techniques, classify and introduce the soil types and physical and chemical characteristics of the main legume producing areas, and then analyze the influence mechanism of soil factors such as pH, permeability and nutrient imbalance on legume growth. On this basis, this study will focus on soil management measures to improve soil structure, increase organic matter and adjust pH, as well as strategies such as soil-based fertilizer formula optimization and microbial inoculation. Next, the practice of cultivation and regulation technology for different soil types is introduced, combined with the experience of typical case analysis in the three major regions of Northeast Black Soil, Huanghuai Alkaline Soil and Southwest Red Soil, summarize the key technical differences in efficient cultivation of legumes under different soil conditions, emphasize the importance of adapting measures to local conditions, and look forward to the future direction of technology integration and regional promotion to promote high yield and efficiency of legume crops. 2 Classification of Soil Types in the Main Bean Planting Areas 2.1 Physical and chemical properties of clay, loam and sand According to texture and composition, farmland soil can be divided into three categories: clay, loam and sand, and there are obvious differences in their physical and chemical properties. Clay has a fine texture, high clay content, small pores and poor connectivity. It has high water retention and nutrient adsorption capacity, but poor ventilation and drainage, and poor tillage. Clay usually has a large cation exchange capacity and good buffering performance. It is mostly neutral and alkaline. Its advantage in nutrient supply is that it is rich in potassium and trace elements, but it is prone to phosphorus deficiency and fixation. Loam is between clay and sand, with good structure, balanced water and fertilizer retention and permeability, and is regarded as an ideal farming soil. The organic matter content in loam is moderate, the pH is generally neutral, the nutrient supply is relatively balanced, and it is suitable for the root growth of most grain crops. Sandy soil has a coarse texture, high sand content, large and straight pores, excellent ventilation and drainage, but poor water and fertilizer retention. Sandy soil has low organic matter and clay content, is often acidic and thin, and is prone to drought and nutrient leaching. Clay is prone to waterlogging and hypoxia but has high fertility, sandy soil is well-ventilated but prone to drought and barrenness, and loam medium conditions are the best (Alemneh et al., 2020). These physical and chemical differences profoundly affect the root environment and nutrient acquisition ability of legume crops, and are the basis for consideration when formulating cultivation strategies. 2.2 Relationship between typical soil distribution and climate in different regions Legumes are widely planted in China, and soil types and climate conditions in different regions are coupled to form a unique ecology. In the high-latitude cold areas of Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, typical soils are black soil and dark brown soil, with deep soil layers and high organic matter, but affected by low temperatures and seasonal waterlogging, the farming period is short and soil erosion is prone to occur. In the temperate semi-humid area of the Huanghuaihai Plain, calcareous tidal soil and brown soil are the main soils, with drought in winter and spring and heavy rain in summer. The soil is heavy and the groundwater level is high, and it is necessary to improve aeration through drainage and the addition of organic matter (Zhang et al., 2022). In the southern monsoon region, red soil and yellow soil are widely distributed. The climate is hot and humid with abundant precipitation. Strong weathering and leaching make the soil acidified and barren, the arable layer is thin and scattered, and the ability to retain water and fertilizer is weak. Gray-calcium soil and saline-alkali soil are distributed in the arid northwestern region. Precipitation is scarce and evaporation is strong. Soil salt easily accumulates to toxic levels, limiting the growth of legume crops. It can be seen that the soil types in different regions are shaped by the climate, water and heat conditions, and pose different challenges to legume crop production. For example, the cold and easy waterlogging of black soil, the compaction and salinization of alkaline soil, and the acidity, thinness and drought of red soil need to be targeted in response to these regional characteristics. Management measures should be taken to tap the production potential of each soil.
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