Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 265-271 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 269 measured by "yield stability index (YSI)" and "geometric mean yield (GMP)", these varieties still perform well in nitrogen-deficient environments (Tyagi et al., 2020). They have some special mechanisms in their bodies, such as certain genes that are activated under low nitrogen, which helps them grow better. Such varieties are suitable for breeding projects in low-input, sustainable agricultural systems. Figure 2 Growth phenotypes of XM26 and LM23 under normal (CK) and low-nitrogen (LN) conditions. (a,c) The phenotype of XM26 after CK and LN treatments for 23 d. Bar = 5 cm. (b,d) Phenotype of LM23 following CK and LN treatments for 23 d. Bar=5 cm (Adopted from Yan et al., 2021) 7 Concluding Remarks Wheat yield and quality are closely related to nitrogen fertilizer application and variety characteristics. Different wheat varieties have different nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiencies. Some varieties respond quickly to nitrogen and grow well, while others do not. This difference is determined by genes on the one hand and by the environment on the other. However, varieties that perform well under high nitrogen conditions usually perform well under low nitrogen conditions, which means that they are relatively stable under different fertilization environments. With the development of breeding technology, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is also gradually improving. The main reason is that higher-yielding varieties are selected during the breeding process. Now we can find out which gene regions (QTLs) and genetic markers are related to nitrogen response and NUE through phenotyping, genetic mapping and whole-genome association studies. These tools can help breeders more accurately and select varieties suitable for different fertilization conditions, especially those suitable for low-input, sustainable cropping systems. In addition, proper management of nitrogen fertilizers, such as controlling the time, amount and method of fertilization, can also improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce environmental impact. Especially when these practices are combined with wheat varieties that use nitrogen efficiently, the effect will be more obvious. To achieve high yield, good quality and less fertilizer, we need to choose wheat varieties that are stable under different fertilization methods and have high nitrogen utilization efficiency. When breeding, we can also consider adding traits such as disease resistance, drought resistance and weed resistance. Such varieties are more suitable for low-input or even organic farming methods. We can use new technologies, such as advanced phenotyping platforms and genetic analysis tools, to find important QTLs related to nitrogen response, and then use these traits in breeding. At the same time, we should promote precision fertilization techniques, such as split fertilization and fixed-point fertilization, so that the supply of nitrogen fertilizer is more in line with the needs of crops and the weather conditions at the time. Combining organic and mineral fertilizers for soil management helps to protect soil health and lay the foundation for long-term and stable wheat production. These practices used together can help us achieve the goals of high, stable, high-quality and low-pollution wheat, and promote the development of the entire wheat production in a sustainable direction. Acknowledgments I appreciate Dr Chen from the Hainan Institution of Biotechnology for her assistance in references collection and discussion for this work completion.
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