Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 188-198 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 1 97 Even so, there are still challenges before wider adoption. More tests in different locations, seasons, soil types, and soybean varieties are needed to confirm the effects on nitrogen fixation and yield. Long-term monitoring will be important to check genetic stability and environmental safety, and to avoid gene escape or other unexpected effects. Future research could focus on engineering multiple genes, matching strains to specific soybean varieties, and studying how they interact with native soil microbes. Better production, storage, and application methods, along with farmer training, will help ensure good results in the field. Policy support and industry participation will also be key for large-scale use. Acknowledgments Sincerely thanks the reviewers for their constructive criticisms and suggestions during the review process. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Abd-Alla M., Al-Amri S., and El-Enany, A., 2023, Enhancing rhizobium–legume symbiosis and reducing nitrogen fertilizer use are potential options for mitigating climate change, Agriculture, 13(11): 2092. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13112092 Alam F., Bhuiyan M., Alam S., Waghmode T., Kim P., and Lee Y., 2015, Effect of Rhizobium sp. BARIRGm901 inoculation on nodulation, nitrogen fixation and yield of soybean (Glycine max) genotypes in gray terrace soil, Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 79: 1660-1668. https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2015.1044931 Albrecht S., Maier R., Hanus F., Russell S., Emerich D., and Evans H., 1979, Hydrogenase in Rhizobium japonicum increases nitrogen fixation by nodulated soybeans, Science, 203: 1255-1257. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.203.4386.1255 Damanhuri, Erdiansyah I., Eliyatiningsih, Sari V., Pratama A., and Wiharto K., 2020, Utilization of Rhizobium spp as substitution agent of nitrogen chemical fertilizer on soybean cultivation, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 411: 012065. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/411/1/012065 Danso S., Hera C., and Douka C., 1987, Nitrogen fixation in soybean as influenced by cultivar and Rhizobium strain, Plant and Soil, 99: 163-174. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02370163 Douka C., Nychas A., and Xenoulis A., 1986, Nitrogen fixation in soybeans as influenced by cultivar and Rhizobium strain differences, Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2: 113-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00257589 Hu Y., Chen Y., Yang X., Deng L., and Lu X., 2023, Enhancing soybean yield: the synergy of sulfur and rhizobia inoculation, Plants, 12(22): 3911. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223911 Igiehon N., Babalola O., and Aremu B., 2019, Genomic insights into plant growth promoting rhizobia capable of enhancing soybean germination under drought stress, BMC Microbiology, 19: 159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-019-1536-1 Kolapo A., Ojo T., Khumalo N., Elhindi K., Kassem H., and Filusi O., 2025, Enhancing land nutrient through rhizobia biofertilization: modeling the joint effects of rhizobium inoculants and improved soybean varieties on soybean productivity in North Central, Nigeria, Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 9: 1509230. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1509230 Maier R., and Brill W., 1978, Mutant strains of rhizobium japonicum with increased ability to fix nitrogen for soybean, Science, 201: 448-450. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.201.4354.448 Neves M., Didonet A., Duque F., and Doöbereiner J., 1985, Rhizobium strain effects on nitrogen transport and distribution in soybeans, Journal of Experimental Botany, 36: 1179-1192. https://doi.org/10.1093/JXB/36.8.1179 Nguyen H., Miwa H., Obirih-Opareh J., Suzaki T., Yasuda M., and Okazaki S., 2019, Novel rhizobia exhibit superior nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation even under high nitrate concentrations, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 96(2): fiz184. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiz184 Qin Y., Yan Y., Cheng L., Lu Y., Chen J., Liu F., and Tan J., 2023, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium facilitate nitrogen and phosphate availability in soybean/maize intercropping systems, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 23: 2723-2731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-023-01229-z Shome S., Barman A., and Solaiman Z., 2022, Rhizobium and phosphate solubilizing bacteria influence the soil nutrient availability, growth, yield, and quality of soybean, Agriculture, 12(8): 1136. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081136
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