Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 188-198 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 1 96 engineering Rhizobium inoculation technology, especially when there are simple seed coating or soil perfusion and other inoculation methods. Some farmers suggested to strengthen technical training and field guidance to improve the standardization and effect stability of strain inoculation (Kolapo et al., 2025). Farmers also showed some concern about the ecological safety and long-term application effect of engineered strains. It is suggested to strengthen the related science popularization and ecological monitoring. Figure 2 Enhancing Rhizobium-legume symbiosis (Adopted from Abd-Alla et al., 2023) 7 Conclusions This study developed several engineered rhizobium strains with improved nitrogenase activity, better stress tolerance, and stronger plant growth–promoting effects. These strains were able to colonize soybean roots in different soils and climates, producing more nodules, higher nitrogenase activity, and greater nitrogen accumulation. As a result, soybean biomass, yield, and seed protein content increased. Field tests showed yield gains of 15%~40%, and even with nitrogen fertilizer reduced by half, yield and quality stayed at or above the control level. The strains performed well under high temperature, drought, and acidic soil, overcoming the environmental sensitivity often seen in conventional strains. When combined with plant growth–promoting and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, nutrient uptake and stress resistance improved further, allowing reductions in both nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. Farmers reported that the strains were easy to apply, increased yields, and improved profits, showing strong potential for adoption. Using these engineered strains can reduce the need for chemical nitrogen fertilizers, lower farming costs, and cut pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. In many trials, soybeans treated with these strains met most of their nitrogen needs and still produced high yields with less fertilizer. The strains worked well in different soils and climates, giving steady improvements in yield and quality. When used together with other beneficial microbes, they also improved soil nutrients, plant health, and long-term soil fertility.
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