Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.4, 162-174 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 171 8 Challenges and Future Prospects 8.1 Barriers to widespread adoption The adoption of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)-enhancing practices and technologies in rice farming faces several economic, social, and policy challenges. Economically, the initial costs of implementing advanced NUE technologies, such as precision farming tools and slow-release fertilizers, can be prohibitive for smallholder farmers, who often operate with limited financial resources (Xie et al., 2020; Chivenge et al., 2021). Additionally, the lack of immediate financial returns from these investments can deter farmers from adopting these practices, despite their long-term benefits (Xie et al., 2020). Socially, there is a significant knowledge gap among farmers regarding the benefits and proper application of NUE-enhancing practices. Many farmers continue to rely on traditional methods of nitrogen application, which are often inefficient and environmentally harmful (Chivenge et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2022). Furthermore, the aging farming population and low levels of education in rural areas exacerbate the challenge of disseminating new agricultural technologies and practices (Xie et al., 2020). Policy-wise, there is often a lack of supportive frameworks and incentives from governments to encourage the adoption of sustainable nitrogen management practices. In many regions, agricultural policies do not prioritize or adequately support the transition to more efficient nitrogen use, leading to continued reliance on conventional, less sustainable methods (Chivenge et al., 2021). 8.2 Research gaps and future directions Despite significant advancements in understanding and improving NUE in rice, several research gaps remain. One major area that requires further exploration is the impact of climate change on nitrogen dynamics and rice productivity. Current research has primarily focused on optimizing nitrogen use under existing climatic conditions, but there is a need to develop strategies that can adapt to changing environmental conditions, such as increased temperatures and altered precipitation patterns (Hou et al., 2021; Farooq et al., 2022). Another critical research gap is the integration of new agronomic practices with genetic improvements. While there have been advances in identifying and manipulating genes associated with NUE, there is still a need for comprehensive studies that combine these genetic approaches with innovative agronomic practices, such as site-specific nutrient management and integrated nutrient management (Huang et al., 2018; Fiaz et al., 2021). Additionally, more research is needed to understand the interactions between different soil types and nitrogen dynamics, as these interactions can significantly affect NUE (Farooq et al., 2022). Future research should also focus on developing and testing new technologies, such as digital decision support tools and novel plant breeding techniques, to enhance NUE in diverse rice-growing environments (Chivenge et al., 2021; Fiaz et al., 2021). 8.3 Policy and sustainability frameworks Government policies and international collaborations play a crucial role in promoting sustainable nitrogen management in rice farming. Effective policies can provide the necessary incentives and support for farmers to adopt NUE-enhancing practices. For instance, subsidies for precision farming equipment, slow-release fertilizers, and other NUE technologies can lower the financial barriers to adoption (Chivenge et al., 2021). Additionally, policies that promote education and training programs for farmers can help bridge the knowledge gap and encourage the use of sustainable practices (Xie et al., 2020). International collaborations are also essential for sharing knowledge, resources, and technologies related to NUE. Collaborative efforts can lead to the development of standardized guidelines and best practices for nitrogen management, which can be adapted to local conditions (Chivenge et al., 2021). Furthermore, international research partnerships can facilitate the exchange of genetic materials and advanced breeding techniques, accelerating the development of high-NUE rice varieties (Fiaz et al., 2021). By aligning national policies with global sustainability goals, governments can create a supportive environment for the widespread adoption of NUE-enhancing practices, ultimately contributing to more sustainable and productive rice farming systems (Chivenge et al., 2021; Fiaz et al., 2021).
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