Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 150-161 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 158 mechanisms that control AMF-wheat interactions. 9.4 Potential role in climate-resilient wheat farming systems In the face of climate change, wheat production increasingly needs the ability to "resist shocks". And AMF may be a powerful helper in this regard. Studies have found that AMF can help plants retain water and absorb more nutrients by regulating some proteins in wheat roots, and can also enhance drought and salt tolerance (Abdel-Fattah and Asrar, 2012; Bernardo et al., 2017; Thirkell et al., 2019). Moreover, in some "future climate" scenarios, such as under conditions of increased carbon dioxide concentration, AMF's nutritional help to wheat is still effective (Thirkell et al., 2019). In the future, we should continue to conduct in-depth research on the role of AMF in climate-resilient agriculture and apply it to more wheat production systems to promote the development of green and sustainable planting methods. 10 Conclusion Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a very important role in wheat nutrient absorption and soil health. It can help wheat absorb nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and zinc, allowing crops to grow faster and produce higher yields. AMF can also promote root development, increase organic carbon in the soil, improve soil structure, and make the microorganisms in the soil more diverse. In addition to these, AMF can also reduce the damage to wheat caused by some harmful substances, such as heavy metals such as cadmium. It can reduce the accumulation of these toxic elements in the aboveground part of wheat and improve wheat's resistance to stress. AMF can also improve wheat's water use efficiency, enhance disease resistance, and promote biological nitrogen fixation, thereby further improving wheat's overall growth performance and making the soil ecosystem more stable. In sustainable agriculture, AMF is very useful. As a biological fertilizer, it can reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, reduce environmental pollution, and make the soil more fertile and the food more high-quality. It is an important helper for green agriculture and ecological agriculture. It works together with other beneficial microorganisms to lay a good foundation for the agricultural ecosystem. At present, we do not know enough about the performance of AMF under different crops, different soils and different management methods. In the future, we need to continue to study the application of AMF, select and cultivate more efficient strains, so that AMF can be truly promoted and maximize its role. If we want AMF to truly move from the laboratory to the fields, it is not only up to scientific researchers. It also requires multidisciplinary cooperation, such as combining molecular biology, agronomy, ecology and other technologies to make the screening, propagation and management methods of AMF more perfect. At the same time, policy support and farmers' awareness of AMF are also important. As long as we combine scientific research results with actual agricultural needs, the global promotion of AMF is promising. This will lay a solid foundation for future food security, soil health and sustainable agricultural development. Acknowledgments The author would like to express the gratitude to the two anonymous peer reviewers for their critical assessment and constructive suggestions on themanuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Abdel-Fattah G.M., and Asrar A.W.A., 2012, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal application to improve growth and tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) plants grown in saline soil, Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 34(1): 267-277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-011-0825-6 Ahmed N., Li J., Li Y., Deng L., Deng L., Chachar M., Chachar Z., Chachar S., Hayat F., Raza A., Umrani J.H., Gong L., Tu P., 2025, Symbiotic synergy: How Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi enhance nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, and soil health through molecular mechanisms and hormonal regulation, IMA Fungus, 16: e144989. https://doi.org/10.3897/imafungus.16.144989
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