Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 150-161 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 157 matter increased by 17.4%, the grain yield increased by 21.2%, and the straw yield increased by 16.7% (Akbar et al., 2023). Some studies have also found that the protein and amino acid content in wheat grains is also higher (Fiorilli et al., 2018; Xue et al., 2024b). Soil improvement: After inoculation with AMF, the content of organic carbon, available phosphorus and potassium in the soil also increased, by 64.7%, 35.8% and 23.9% respectively. All of these can make the soil more fertile (Akbar et al., 2023). 8.4 Economic and ecological outcomes AMF inoculation not only improves wheat yield and quality, but also reduces the use of chemical fertilizers, which can save money and reduce pollution, making it more cost-effective for farmers (Ganugi et al., 2019; Akbar et al., 2023). From an ecological perspective, AMF can also help restore soil microbial diversity and make the soil healthier. At the same time, it can also enhance wheat's resistance to harsh environments such as salinity and drought (Abdel-Fattah and Asrar, 2012; Ganugi et al., 2019). 8.5 Lessons learned and potential for scaling These field trials show that AMF inoculation is very helpful for wheat nutrient absorption, yield increase and soil improvement. The effect is particularly obvious in places with poor fertility or bad environment (such as drought or salinity) (Abdel-Fattah and Asrar, 2012; Han et al., 2025; Akbar et al., 2023). Different wheat varieties and AMF strains have different effects, so it is best to choose the appropriate strain and inoculation method according to the local variety and soil conditions (Thirkell et al., 2019; de Souza Campos et al., 2021). 9 Future Perspectives and Research Gaps 9.1 Need for region-specific AMF strain selection and tailored applications Current studies have found that the cooperative relationship between wheat and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is not a "universal formula". Different wheat varieties respond very differently to different AMF strains. Some varieties have significantly improved nutrient absorption and growth after being inoculated with a certain AMF, but the effect is not obvious in other varieties (Thirkell et al., 2019; de Souza Campos et al., 2021; Thirkell et al., 2022). Similarly, different AMF strains themselves have different mechanisms of action, and they have different effects on regulating wheat root morphology and nutrient transport (de Souza Campos et al., 2021). In the future, when studying and promoting AMF, we cannot "cut across the board". We need to combine local ecological conditions and wheat varieties to screen suitable strains and make "customized" inoculation strategies, so as to maximize the effect of improving nutrition and yield. 9.2 AMF interactions with plant microbiomes and fertilizers AMF not only affects wheat itself, but also interacts with microorganisms around the roots and applied fertilizers. Studies have found that using AMF together with some beneficial growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can regulate wheat protein expression and immune response, help it better absorb nutrients and improve resistance. However, this effect is not the same every time. It is related to the type of microorganism used and the part of the plant (Vannini et al., 2021). AMF can also help wheat absorb nutrients such as phosphorus, iron, and zinc in fertilizers more efficiently, and can also promote the transfer of nitrogen between plants in intercropping systems (Ingraffia et al., 2019). Future research can focus on the synergistic effects between AMF and other rhizospheric microorganisms and fertilizers. Only by coordinating them well can we further improve nutrient utilization and optimize the entire nutrient management strategy. 9.3 Use of -omics technologies (metagenomics, transcriptomics) to deepen understanding Current "omics" technologies (such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) provide us with new ways to understand the relationship between AMF and wheat. Through these technologies, researchers have discovered many key pathways and molecular "signals" that may control wheat growth, nutrient absorption, and disease resistance (Bernardo et al., 2017; Fiorilli et al., 2018). These findings help us establish a complete mechanism map and provide theoretical support for molecular breeding and precision agriculture in the future. In the future, further "multi-omics" joint analysis should be carried out to find more key genes and network regulatory
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