Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 150-161 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 156 et al., 2016; Duan et al., 2021; Marrassini et al., 2024). These inoculants have different forms, such as granules, powders and liquids. There are many ways to use them, such as mixing them in the soil, treating the seedbed, or coating the seeds. Seed coating is a very effective method, which not only saves dosage and cost, but also has the same effect as direct mixing with soil (Oliveira et al., 2016). After using AMF inoculants in the field, the mycorrhizal colonization rate of wheat roots will be significantly improved, and the plants can absorb more nutrients. This effect is particularly evident in fields with low fertility or water shortage (Duan et al., 2021; Elliott et al., 2021; Akbar et al., 2023; Marrassini et al., 2024; Xue et al., 2024a). 7.2 Compatibility with conventional and organic farming systems AMF technology can be used with conventional and organic farming. In conventional farming, AMF inoculation can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and improve fertilizer utilization efficiency, especially for the absorption of key nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus (Oliveira et al., 2016; ; Xue et al., 2024a). In organic farming, AMF can be used together with organic fertilizers, straw return to the field, and biochar. These combinations can make the soil have more organic carbon, more active microorganisms, and more resistant crops (Ndiate et al., 2022; Mason et al., 2025). Different wheat varieties respond differently to AMF. Choosing the right strain and inoculation method suitable for local soil and varieties will make it easier to improve yield and quality (Marrassini et al., 2024). 7.3 Cost-effectiveness and practical implementation considerations AMF inoculants have three main benefits: saving fertilizers, increasing yields, and improving soil (Oliveira et al., 2016; Elliott et al., 2021; Akbar et al., 2023; Xue et al., 2024a). Precision delivery methods such as seed coating not only save materials, but also save money, making it more cost-effective for farmers in actual use (Oliveira et al., 2016). The inoculation effect is not static, it will be affected by some conditions, such as soil moisture, planting density and whether the variety is adaptable (Duan et al., 2021; Marrassini et al., 2024). Therefore, when promoting it, it is still necessary to customize the appropriate inoculation plan according to the actual situation. When promoting AMF, we must also consider the "persistence" of the inoculant in the field, its relationship with the original bacterial flora in the soil, and whether long-term use will have an impact on the environment. It is usually recommended to give priority to local dominant strains, or to mix several strains, which are more adaptable to the field environment and more likely to work continuously (Akbar et al., 2023; Marrassini et al., 2024). 8 Case Study: Field Trial on AMF Inoculation in Wheat 8.1 Description of location, wheat cultivar, and AMF strain used In many field trials, researchers select local wheat varieties and inoculate them with local dominant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) strains. Nazir's team isolated 11 local mycorrhizal fungi from the experimental field, of which Claroideoglomus was the main species, and used them to inoculate wheat (Akbar et al., 2023). Other experiments used AMF strains such as Rhizophagus intraradices and Rhizophagus irregularis to study different wheat varieties (de Souza Campos et al., 2021; Watts-Williams and Gilbert, 2021; Han et al., 2025). 8.2 Experimental setup: control vs. AMF-inoculated plots These experiments are generally divided into two groups: one is a control group, which is not inoculated with AMF; the other is an experimental group, which is inoculated with AMF. Several replicate samples are set up for each group, and the plot area is often 6×2 meters in size, which can ensure that the results are true and reliable (Akbar et al., 2023). Some experiments also use different AMF strains or mixed flora at the same time to observe their effects on different wheat varieties (de Souza Campos et al., 2021). 8.3 Key findings: nutrient uptake, biomass, grain yield, and soil improvement Nutrient absorption: After inoculation with AMF, wheat has a stronger ability to absorb nutrients such as potassium, phosphorus, iron and zinc, especially the root absorption is significantly improved (de Souza Campos et al., 2021; Akbar et al., 2023; Han et al., 2025). Biomass and yield: AMF makes wheat grow better. For example, the number of tillers increased by 49.5%, the dry
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