Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 150-161 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 155 (such as TaLAC129) are "brake factors" for AMF colonization, and excessive expression will inhibit symbiosis. But these genes may also increase grain yield and nutrient utilization (Zhong et al., 2023; 2025). The diversity of the NL gene family is also related to the way wheat absorbs phosphorus, and some genotypes are more dependent on AMF to obtain phosphorus (Zhang et al., 2022). 6.3 Breeding for enhanced mycorrhizal responsiveness: current progress and challenges Although current wheat breeding focuses on yield and lodging resistance, studies have found that breeding over the past 100 years has not significantly weakened the symbiotic ability of durum wheat and AMF (De Vita et al., 2018). The introduction of the Rht dwarf gene changed the colonization of AMF. The roots of wheat with the dwarf gene are more easily colonized by AMF, and the fungal structure is more complete. But at the same time, this may also reduce the phosphorus content of the plant, indicating that the benefits and disadvantages of symbiosis may have to be weighed (Alaux et al., 2024). At present, researchers have found a number of gene regions and candidate genes related to AMF response in different wheat populations, which provides an important basis for molecular marker selection and directed breeding (Lehnert et al., 2017; De Vita et al., 2018; Ganugi et al., 2021; Thirkell et al., 2022). This type of trait is controlled by multiple genes and is easily affected by the environment. When breeding, the balance between yield, nutrient utilization and symbiotic effects should be considered at the same time (Alaux et al., 2024; Veršulienė et al., 2024) (Figure 3). Some negative regulatory genes (such as TaLAC129) also remind us that when improving mycorrhizal response, we cannot ignore the impact on yield and nutrient distribution (Zhong et al., 2025). In the future, in order to breed highly responsive wheat varieties, we need to have a deeper understanding of the regulatory network, develop more accurate molecular markers, and verify them in multiple environments. Figure 3 Hyphal and arbuscular abundance in roots of 10 winter wheat varieties grown at four European sites grouped by variety (left) or site (middle) and explained variation (LMG scores) in hyphal and arbuscular root colonization by variety and site (right). The boxplots are based on average values of three field replicates per variety: N = 3 or 4 sites per variety (left) and n = 9 or 10 varieties per site (middle). Al, Altigo; Au, Aurelius; Be, Bernstein; Da, Dagmar; Ju, Julie; Mo, Montalbano; Na, MV Nador; No, Nogal; Re, RGT Reform; Te, Tenor (Adopted from Veršulienė et al., 2024) 7 Integration of Mycorrhizal Technology in Wheat Production 7.1 Commercial AMF inoculants: strains, formulations, and field application methods There are many commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculants on the market. Common strains include Rhizophagus irregularis, Funneliformis mosseae, and some dominant strains from local sources (Oliveira
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