Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 150-161 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 153 4.3 Implications for sustainable agriculture and reduced chemical input reliance AMF can be used as a natural biofertilizer and is very useful in developing sustainable agriculture. It can improve soil structure, increase the vitality of organic matter and microorganisms, and enhance the survival ability of plants under drought, salinity, and pests and diseases. These can help farmers use less fertilizers and pesticides (Kalamulla et al., 2022; Ahmed et al., 2025; Sarwade et al., 2024; George and Ray, 2023; Bortolot et al., 2024) (Figure 2). The use of AMF can also restore soil ecology to normal and improve crop yields and quality. This is important for ensuring the stability and security of agricultural production (Kalamulla et al., 2022; Martin and Van Der Heijden, 2024; George and Ray, 2023). Figure 1 The sequential stages of symbiosis between plants and AM , starting from signal exchange with the release of strigolactones by the plant, to hyphal branching and colonization, leading to the establishment of arbuscules within root cortical cells for nutrient exchange (Adotped from Ahmed et al., 2025) Figure 2 Schematic overview of AM -mediated key strategies to confer resistance to various abiotic stresses in host plants (Adotped from Ahmed et al., 2025) 5 Mycorrhizal Responses to Agronomic and Environmental Conditions 5.1 Influence of soil type, pH, and moisture on mycorrhizal colonization Soil type, pH and water conditions directly affect the colonization ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
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