Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 103-113 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 104 This study mainly summarizes the application of eco-friendly soil improvement technologies in chrysanthemum cultivation in recent years, including the use of organic materials such as rice husks and leaf mold instead of peat, the use of biofertilizers, the addition of beneficial microorganisms, and the use of treated wastewater for irrigation. We want to see whether these methods are helpful for the growth, yield, flower quality and soil health of chrysanthemum, and also analyze their benefits to the environment and whether they can be promoted in the future. These results can provide some theoretical support and practical experience for the green cultivation of chrysanthemum and other flowers. 2 Overview of Soil-Related Challenges in Chrysanthemum Cultivation 2.1 Soil degradation issues in continuous cropping systems If Chrysanthemum × morifoliumis planted in the same field for a long time, the soil condition will deteriorate. Many studies have found that continuous planting for several years will reduce the organic carbon and nitrogen in the soil, inhibit soil respiration and the activity of various enzymes, reduce the number and types of bacteria, and reduce the overall function of the soil (Li et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2023; Feng et al., 2024). In addition, continuous cropping can easily lead to the increase of some soil-borne pathogens, such as Fusarium solani, which is particularly easy to breed in this case and can cause wilt disease of Chrysanthemum, which has a great impact on yield and quality (Liu et al., 2023). 2.2 Common abiotic stress factors: pH imbalance, salinity, compaction, poor aeration In the process of growing chrysanthemum, there are some common abiotic problems that will also affect its growth. For example, unstable soil pH, high salt content, soil compaction or poor ventilation will make it difficult for roots to absorb nutrients and affect plant health (Feng et al., 2024; Lu et al., 2024). Studies have shown that the pH of the soil often decreases or becomes abnormal after continuous cropping, which will affect the activity of microorganisms and the utilization of nutrients in the soil. If the watering is not done correctly or the substrate is not suitable, it is easy to make the soil hard and airtight, which will affect the growth of chrysanthemum and the quality of the flowers. 2.3 Microbial imbalance and its effects on chrysanthemum root health and yield Continuous cropping will also cause great changes in the microbial structure in the soil. There are fewer good bacteria and more bad bacteria, the types of microorganisms are not as rich, and the entire microbial network has become simpler (Chen et al., 2020; Hai-Kun et al., 2020; Fang et al., 2023; Li et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2023; Feng et al., 2024). This change will weaken the soil's ability to inhibit pathogens, slow down the nutrient cycle in the soil, and affect the health of the root system. As a result, chrysanthemum is more susceptible to disease, and its yield and quality will decrease. For example, studies have found that the number of beneficial bacteria such as Actinobacteria and Nocardia in continuous cropping soils decreases, while harmful fungi such as Fusarium and Trichoderma increase. These changes will directly affect the health of the roots, and the plants will not grow as well as before (Chen et al., 2020; Fang et al., 2023; Li et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2023; Feng et al., 2024) (Figure 1). Figure 1 Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) plot of (a) bacterial and (a) fungal community structures based on Bray–Curtis differences (Adopted from Fang et al., 2023)
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