Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 126-136 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 133 Cost and benefit: The INM model can not only increase production and improve quality, but also save the use of chemical fertilizers, which is more economical and uses resources more efficiently (Akinseye et al., 2023). Performance of biofertilizer: Although biofertilizer requires less investment, it can also increase nutrients such as protein and sugar. Moreover, it has high land utilization rate and good economic benefits, which is especially suitable for small farmers (Sadafzadeh et al., 2023). 9.4 Implications: Practical recommendations drawn from real-world data Recommended approach: In places where chemical fertilizers are unaffordable or where sustainable farming is desired, it is recommended to use the INM method, which combines organic and chemical fertilizers. This method not only increases sorghum production and improves quality, but also reduces dependence on chemical fertilizers and improves soil health (Akinseye et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2025). Low-input recommendations: For those with limited investment or engaged in ecological agriculture, you can consider using biofertilizers and intercropping. This can further improve the nutrition and income of sorghum, and is particularly suitable for small farmers and ecological agricultural areas (Sadafzadeh et al., 2023). Take measures according to local conditions: Conditions vary from place to place. The fertilization plan should be flexibly selected based on the local soil, climate and cost conditions, such as using NPK, compost, INM or biofertilizer. Only in this way can a balance be found between increasing production, improving quality and sustainable development (Tonitto and Ricker-Gilbert, 2016; Akinseye et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2025). 10 Future Directions and Conclusions At present, many studies have proved that methods such as the combination of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, the addition of trace elements, straw return to the field, nitrogen fertilizer combined with drip irrigation, and rainwater collection can significantly improve the yield and quality of edible sorghum. To achieve truly precise nutrient management, there are still many problems to be solved. In particular, under different soil, climate and variety conditions, how to make sorghum absorb well without polluting the environment, there is no unified approach at present. Climate change is becoming more and more obvious, and the rainfall time and distribution are becoming more and more unstable, which poses new challenges to fertilization methods. Therefore, "climate-smart fertilization" such as "delayed fertilization" and small drip irrigation combined with fertilizer control also requires more research to ensure stable and continuous production of sorghum. To promote these efficient and environmentally friendly fertilization methods, technology alone is not enough, and policies and farmers' participation are also needed. In order for farmers to use them and use them well, technical training and agricultural extension services must be strengthened. We must teach everyone how to use organic fertilizers, how to supplement trace elements, how to return to the field, and how to collect rainwater. Letting farmers understand the benefits of these methods and learn how to operate them is a key step in improving yield and quality. It is recommended that the government and relevant departments increase training efforts, bring new methods of precision fertilization and climate adaptation into the fields, and encourage farmers to use more diverse and environmentally friendly solutions. In the future, sorghum fertilization methods should not only focus on yield and quality, but also consider ecological impacts. By rationally matching organic and chemical fertilizers, controlling water and fertilizers, using climate-adaptive management methods, and training farmers, both yield and environment can be improved, achieving a "win-win" situation. In the future, sorghum fertilization should be more precise, smarter, and more ecological. This will ensure food security and allow agriculture to go further and more steadily. Acknowledgments The author would like to express the gratitude to the two anonymous peer researchers for their constructive suggestions on the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a
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