Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 55-62 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 56 2 Biological Characteristics and Water Requirements of C. morifolium 2.1 Growth and development characteristics of C. morifolium At different growth stages of Chrysanthemum morifolium, the demand for water is different. At the beginning of sowing, enough water is needed so that the roots can grow well and the plants can grow normally (Buwalda and Kim, 1994; Taweesak et al., 2014). When the flower is about to bloom, the plant needs more water, because the flower buds need more water to support. Studies have pointed out that in order to grow high-quality and marketable flower branches, Hangzhou White Chrysanthemum needs about 0.96 to 1.07 cm of water every day. This shows that in the whole growth process, it is really critical to control irrigation. The time and method of irrigation will also affect the length of growth period and water use efficiency. If properly managed, the output and quality can be improved (Zhao et al., 2018). 2.2 Effects of water on quality The active ingredients in Chrysanthemum morifolium, such as flavonoids and volatile oil, are affected by the amount of water. Only when enough water is available can these components be formed normally. These substances are the key to determine the medicinal value and market price of Chrysanthemum morifolium(Zhang et al., 2020). Karasudani et al. (2023) found that the content of effective components such as chlorogenic acid and Luteolin in Chrysanthemum morifoliumwill increase if organic fertilizer is combined with less chemical fertilizer, indicating that water and nutrients jointly affect the quality of Chrysanthemum morifolium. The antioxidant effect of Chrysanthemum morifoliumextract was also affected by water content. If the water management is good, it is not only good for the flower, but also helpful to retain its health function (Xu et al., 2021). 2.3 importance of irrigation inC. morifoliumcultivation In order to plant chrysanthemum, precision irrigation is particularly critical. Too much or too little water will bring problems. Too much water, the soil is easy to accumulate water, and the root system is impermeable, which will affect the absorption of nutrients by the root, and finally make the yield and quality of flowers worse (Gurjar et al., 2023). If there is too little water, the plants will lack water, grow slowly, have fewer flowers and poor quality (Amarin et al., 2021). Now, some more advanced irrigation methods, such as using sensors to control wastewater irrigation, have been proved to improve soil conditions and make plants stronger and more stress resistant (Gurjar et al., 2023). 3 Design and Implementation of Different Irrigation Strategies 3.1 Climate and environmental conditions Climate and environment will directly affect the irrigation effect of Chrysanthemum morifolium. The study found that different seasons, different planting methods, and different varieties will affect crop water consumption, as well as the yield and quality of flowers (Posse et al., 2019). The salinity of irrigation water is also a problem that can not be ignored. If the salt content is too high, Chrysanthemum morifoliummay not grow high, the yield will decline, and the quality of flowers will become worse. However, some substrates, such as zeolite soil, can reduce the adverse effects of salt (Amarin et al., 2021; Yasemin et al., 2022). 3.2 Irrigation strategies design We use full irrigation as the control group, which is to provide the plants with the most water so that they can grow freely and achieve the best flowering effect. It is usually irrigated when the soil moisture drops to a certain extent to keep the soil moisture (Gurjar et al., 2023). The goal of water-saving irrigation is to save water without reducing the yield and quality. Technology such as drip irrigation has proved very effective, and can control the daily water consumption between 0.96 and 1.07 cm. Drip irrigation is particularly useful where water is scarce. For example, studies have installed drip irrigation equipment on each pot of Chrysanthemum morifolium in the field to supply water in a fixed amount (Figure 1) (Posse et al., 2019). Intermittent irrigation is watering at intervals, not every day. This method helps to improve water utilization. It can better regulate the water content of soil, which is helpful for plant growth and flower quality (Lin et al., 2011). Moreover, this method can also be combined with the treated wastewater, which not only supplements nutrition, but also does not increase the content of heavy metals too much (Gurjar et al., 2023). Precision irrigation is to adjust the amount of irrigation
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