Molecular Soil Biology 2025, Vol.16, No.2, 91-102 http://bioscipublisher.com/index.php/msb 95 Figure 1 (A) Comparative lesion length of donor parent and pyramided lines; (B) bacterial blight disease inoculated pyramided plant; and (C,D) panicles of donor parents and pyramided lines (Adopted from Mishra and Kar, 2020) 4.3 Application and effect by farmers Swarna-Sub1 has been rapidly promoted in flood-prone areas such as India and Bangladesh. For example, in 2013, Odisha distributed seeds to 355 farmers, and one year later, 75% of farmers took the initiative to continue planting, indicating that everyone recognized this variety (Dar et al., 2017). Statistics show that in flood years, farmers who planted Swarna-Sub1 saw an average increase in yield of 19% and an increase in income of 48.2%, which is significantly higher than farmers who did not use this variety (Dar et al., 2013; 2017; Raghu et al., 2022). For some farmers who have poor farming conditions and are often affected by floods (such as low-caste farmers), the benefits brought by this variety are even more obvious. Their land is low-lying and easily flooded, and Swarna-Sub1 has helped them stabilize their harvests, increase food security, and increase their income (Dar et al., 2013; 2017). Its high nitrogen efficiency means that less fertilizer can be applied without affecting yields, which can save farmers money on fertilizers and reduce environmental pollution (Bhowmick et al., 2014; Singh et al., 2023). Field trials and farmer feedback have shown that Swarna-Sub1 can still produce high yields when nitrogen is deficient and can maintain stable yields with less fertilizer, which helps reduce eutrophication of water bodies and greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, this also promotes the development of green agriculture and makes agriculture more sustainable (Bhowmick et al., 2014; Dar et al., 2017; Singh et al., 2023). 5 Comparative Analysis: IRRI-Led Low-Nitrogen Trials in Southeast Asia 5.1 Basic information on IRRI multi-site trials The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) has set up low-nitrogen trial sites in many countries in Southeast Asia, covering the main rice-growing areas of Myanmar, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam. The climate, soil type and planting management level of these locations vary. For example, Bago in Myanmar, Yogyakarta in Indonesia, Nakhon Sawan in Thailand and Can Tho in Vietnam all have trial fields to observe the performance of different varieties and fertilization methods under low-nitrogen conditions (Witt et al., 1999; Silva et al., 2022). All trial sites use a unified method to focus on recording data on nitrogen fertilizer application, yield, nitrogen use efficiency, crop traits and farmer feedback. The experimental design includes two schemes: conventional fertilization and low-nitrogen treatment. The differences between varieties are compared through on-site yield
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